update tests
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"title": "Get your Frontend JavaScript Code Covered | Code",
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"byline": "Nicolas Perriault —",
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"excerpt": "Nicolas Perriault's homepage.",
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cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non
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cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non
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proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
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<p> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. </p>
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<p> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. </p>
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quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo
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consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse
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cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non
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proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod
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tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam,
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quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo
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consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse
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cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non
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proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
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<p> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. </p>
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<p> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. </p>
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@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
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@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
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"title": "Basic tag cleaning test",
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{
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"title": "Obama admits US gun laws are his 'biggest frustration'",
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"byline": null,
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"excerpt": "President Barack Obama tells the BBC his failure to pass \"common sense gun safety laws\" is the greatest frustration of his presidency.",
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"siteName": "BBC News"
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"siteName": "BBC News",
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@ -1,59 +1,60 @@
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<div id="readability-page-1" class="page">
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<div property="articleBody">
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<p>President Barack Obama has admitted that his failure to pass "common sense gun safety laws" in the US is the greatest frustration of his presidency. </p>
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<p>In an interview with the BBC, Mr Obama said it was "distressing" not to have made progress on the issue "even in the face of repeated mass killings".</p>
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<p>He vowed to keep trying, but the BBC's North America editor Jon Sopel said the president did not sound very confident. </p>
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<p>However, Mr Obama said race relations had improved during his presidency. </p>
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<p>Hours after the interview, a gunman opened fire at a cinema in the US state of Louisiana, killing two people and injuring several others before shooting himself.</p>
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<p>In a wide-ranging interview, President Obama also said:</p>
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<ul>
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<li> <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33647154">The UK must stay in the EU</a> to have influence on the world stage</li>
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<li>He is confident the Iran nuclear deal will be passed by Congress </li>
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<li>Syria needs a political solution in order to defeat the Islamic State group</li>
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<li>He would speak "bluntly" against corruption <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-33646563">and human rights violations in Kenya</a> </li>
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<li>He would defend his advocacy of gay rights following protests in Kenya</li>
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<li>Despite racial tensions, the US is becoming more diverse and more tolerant</li>
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</ul>
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<p><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-33646542">Read the full transcript of his interview</a></p>
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<p>Mr Obama lands in Kenya later on Friday for his first visit since becoming president. </p>
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<p>But with just 18 months left in power, he said gun control was the area where he has been "most frustrated and most stymied" since coming to power in 2009.</p>
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<p>"If you look at the number of Americans killed since 9/11 by terrorism, it's less than 100. If you look at the number that have been killed by gun violence, it's in the tens of thousands," Mr Obama said. </p>
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<figure><img src="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/555/cpsprodpb/462D/production/_84456971_gettyimages-167501087.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/462D/production/_84456971_gettyimages-167501087.jpg" alt="Gun control campaigners protest in McPhearson Square in Washington DC - 25 April 2013" height="549" width="976"/>
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<figcaption> <span>
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The president said he would continue fighting for greater gun control laws
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</span> </figcaption>
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</figure>
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<p>"For us not to be able to resolve that issue has been something that is distressing," he added. </p>
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<p>Mr Obama has pushed for stricter gun control throughout his presidency but has been unable to secure any significant changes to the laws. </p>
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<p>After nine African-American churchgoers were killed in South Carolina in June, he admitted "politics in this town" meant there were few options available.</p>
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<figure><img src="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/555/media/images/76020000/jpg/_76020974_line976.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/464/media/images/76020000/jpg/_76020974_line976.jpg" alt="line" height="2" width="464"/></figure>
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<h2>Analysis: Jon Sopel, BBC News, Washington</h2>
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<figure><img src="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/555/cpsprodpb/6D3D/production/_84456972_p072315al-0500.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/6D3D/production/_84456972_p072315al-0500.jpg" alt="President Barack Obama participates in an interview with Jon Sopel of BBC in the Roosevelt Room of the White House - 23 July 2015" height="549" width="976"/></figure>
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<p>Nine months ago, the president seemed like a spent force, after taking a beating in the midterm elections, during which members of his own party were reluctant to campaign on his record. </p>
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<p>But the man sat before me today was relaxed and confident, buoyed by a string of "wins" on healthcare, Cuba and Iran, after bitter and ongoing battles with his many critics. </p>
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<p>The only body swerve the president performed was when I asked him <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-33643168"> how many minds he had changed on the Iran nuclear deal </a>after an intense sell aimed at Gulf allies and members of US Congress who remain implacably opposed. </p>
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<p>There was a momentary flicker across the president's face as if to say "You think you got me?" before his smile returned and he proceeded to talk about how Congress would come round.</p>
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<p>But notably, he did not give a direct answer to that question, which leaves me with the impression that he has persuaded precisely zero.</p>
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<p><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-33646875">Five things we learned from Obama interview</a></p>
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<p><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-33646545">The presidential body swerve</a></p>
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<figure><img src="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/555/media/images/76020000/jpg/_76020974_line976.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/464/media/images/76020000/jpg/_76020974_line976.jpg" alt="line" height="2" width="464"/></figure>
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<p>On race relations, Mr Obama said recent concerns around policing and mass incarcerations were "legitimate and deserve intense attention" but insisted progress had been made. </p>
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<p>Children growing up during the eight years of his presidency "will have a different view of race relations in this country and what's possible," he said. </p>
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<p>"There are going to be tensions that arise. But if you look at my daughters' generation, they have an attitude about race that's entirely different than even my generation."</p>
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<p>Talking about how he was feeling after his recent successes, he said "every president, every leader has strengths and weaknesses". </p>
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<p>"One of my strengths is I have a pretty even temperament. I don't get too high when it's high and I don't get too low when it's low," he said. </p>
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<figure><img src="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/555/cpsprodpb/142FD/production/_84458628_shirtreuters.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/142FD/production/_84458628_shirtreuters.jpg" alt="Customer looks at Obama shirts at a stall in Nairobi's Kibera slums, 23 July 2015" height="549" width="976"/>
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<figcaption> <span>
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Kenya is getting ready to welcome the US president
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</span> </figcaption>
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</figure>
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<h2>Kenya trip</h2>
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<p>Mr Obama was speaking to the BBC at the White House before departing for Kenya.</p>
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<p>His father was Kenyan and the president is expected to meet relatives in Nairobi.</p>
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<p>Mr Obama has faced criticism in the country after the US legalised gay marriage. However, in his interview, the president said he would not fall silent on the issue.</p>
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<p>"I am not a fan of discrimination and bullying of anybody on the basis of race, on the basis of religion, on the basis of sexual orientation or gender," he said.</p>
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<p>The president also admitted that some African governments, including Kenya's, needed to improve their records on human rights and democracy. However, he defended his decision to engage with and visit those governments. </p>
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<p>"Well, they're not ideal institutions. But what we found is, is that when we combined blunt talk with engagement, that gives us the best opportunity to influence and open up space for civil society." </p>
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<p>Mr Obama will become the first US president to address the African Union when he travels on to Ethiopia on Sunday.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="page" property="articleBody" id="readability-page-1">
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<p>President Barack Obama has admitted that his failure to pass "common sense gun safety laws" in the US is the greatest frustration of his presidency. </p>
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<p>In an interview with the BBC, Mr Obama said it was "distressing" not to have made progress on the issue "even in the face of repeated mass killings".</p>
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<p>He vowed to keep trying, but the BBC's North America editor Jon Sopel said the president did not sound very confident. </p>
|
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<p>However, Mr Obama said race relations had improved during his presidency. </p>
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<p>Hours after the interview, a gunman opened fire at a cinema in the US state of Louisiana, killing two people and injuring several others before shooting himself.</p>
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<p>In a wide-ranging interview, President Obama also said:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33647154">The UK must stay in the EU</a> to have influence on the world stage
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</li>
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<li>He is confident the Iran nuclear deal will be passed by Congress </li>
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<li>Syria needs a political solution in order to defeat the Islamic State group</li>
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||||
<li>He would speak "bluntly" against corruption <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-33646563">and human rights violations in Kenya</a>
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</li>
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<li>He would defend his advocacy of gay rights following protests in Kenya</li>
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<li>Despite racial tensions, the US is becoming more diverse and more tolerant</li>
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</ul>
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<p><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-33646542">Read the full transcript of his interview</a></p>
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<p>Mr Obama lands in Kenya later on Friday for his first visit since becoming president. </p>
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<p>But with just 18 months left in power, he said gun control was the area where he has been "most frustrated and most stymied" since coming to power in 2009.</p>
|
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<p>"If you look at the number of Americans killed since 9/11 by terrorism, it's less than 100. If you look at the number that have been killed by gun violence, it's in the tens of thousands," Mr Obama said. </p>
|
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<figure><img src="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/555/cpsprodpb/462D/production/_84456971_gettyimages-167501087.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/462D/production/_84456971_gettyimages-167501087.jpg" alt="Gun control campaigners protest in McPhearson Square in Washington DC - 25 April 2013" height="549" width="976" />
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<figcaption>
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<span> The president said he would continue fighting for greater gun control laws </span>
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</figcaption>
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</figure>
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<p>"For us not to be able to resolve that issue has been something that is distressing," he added. </p>
|
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<p>Mr Obama has pushed for stricter gun control throughout his presidency but has been unable to secure any significant changes to the laws. </p>
|
||||
<p>After nine African-American churchgoers were killed in South Carolina in June, he admitted "politics in this town" meant there were few options available.</p>
|
||||
<figure><img src="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/555/media/images/76020000/jpg/_76020974_line976.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/464/media/images/76020000/jpg/_76020974_line976.jpg" alt="line" height="2" width="464" /></figure>
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<h2>Analysis: Jon Sopel, BBC News, Washington</h2>
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<figure><img src="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/555/cpsprodpb/6D3D/production/_84456972_p072315al-0500.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/6D3D/production/_84456972_p072315al-0500.jpg" alt="President Barack Obama participates in an interview with Jon Sopel of BBC in the Roosevelt Room of the White House - 23 July 2015" height="549" width="976" /></figure>
|
||||
<p>Nine months ago, the president seemed like a spent force, after taking a beating in the midterm elections, during which members of his own party were reluctant to campaign on his record. </p>
|
||||
<p>But the man sat before me today was relaxed and confident, buoyed by a string of "wins" on healthcare, Cuba and Iran, after bitter and ongoing battles with his many critics. </p>
|
||||
<p>The only body swerve the president performed was when I asked him <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-33643168"> how many minds he had changed on the Iran nuclear deal </a>after an intense sell aimed at Gulf allies and members of US Congress who remain implacably opposed. </p>
|
||||
<p>There was a momentary flicker across the president's face as if to say "You think you got me?" before his smile returned and he proceeded to talk about how Congress would come round.</p>
|
||||
<p>But notably, he did not give a direct answer to that question, which leaves me with the impression that he has persuaded precisely zero.</p>
|
||||
<p><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-33646875">Five things we learned from Obama interview</a></p>
|
||||
<p><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-33646545">The presidential body swerve</a></p>
|
||||
<figure><img src="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/555/media/images/76020000/jpg/_76020974_line976.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/464/media/images/76020000/jpg/_76020974_line976.jpg" alt="line" height="2" width="464" /></figure>
|
||||
<p>On race relations, Mr Obama said recent concerns around policing and mass incarcerations were "legitimate and deserve intense attention" but insisted progress had been made. </p>
|
||||
<p>Children growing up during the eight years of his presidency "will have a different view of race relations in this country and what's possible," he said. </p>
|
||||
<p>"There are going to be tensions that arise. But if you look at my daughters' generation, they have an attitude about race that's entirely different than even my generation."</p>
|
||||
<p>Talking about how he was feeling after his recent successes, he said "every president, every leader has strengths and weaknesses". </p>
|
||||
<p>"One of my strengths is I have a pretty even temperament. I don't get too high when it's high and I don't get too low when it's low," he said. </p>
|
||||
<figure><img src="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/555/cpsprodpb/142FD/production/_84458628_shirtreuters.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/142FD/production/_84458628_shirtreuters.jpg" alt="Customer looks at Obama shirts at a stall in Nairobi's Kibera slums, 23 July 2015" height="549" width="976" />
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<figcaption>
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<span> Kenya is getting ready to welcome the US president </span>
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</figcaption>
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</figure>
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<h2>Kenya trip</h2>
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<p>Mr Obama was speaking to the BBC at the White House before departing for Kenya.</p>
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<p>His father was Kenyan and the president is expected to meet relatives in Nairobi.</p>
|
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<p>Mr Obama has faced criticism in the country after the US legalised gay marriage. However, in his interview, the president said he would not fall silent on the issue.</p>
|
||||
<p>"I am not a fan of discrimination and bullying of anybody on the basis of race, on the basis of religion, on the basis of sexual orientation or gender," he said.</p>
|
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<p>The president also admitted that some African governments, including Kenya's, needed to improve their records on human rights and democracy. However, he defended his decision to engage with and visit those governments. </p>
|
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<p>"Well, they're not ideal institutions. But what we found is, is that when we combined blunt talk with engagement, that gives us the best opportunity to influence and open up space for civil society." </p>
|
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<p>Mr Obama will become the first US president to address the African Union when he travels on to Ethiopia on Sunday.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
@ -1,111 +1,115 @@
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<div id="readability-page-1" class="page">
|
||||
<div id="post-body-932306423056216142" itemprop="description articleBody">
|
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<p> I've written a couple of posts in the past few months but they were all for <a href="http://blog.ioactive.com/search/label/Andrew%20Zonenberg">the blog at work</a> so I figured I'm long overdue for one on Silicon Exposed.</p>
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<h2> So what's a GreenPak?</h2>
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<p> Silego Technology is a fabless semiconductor company located in the SF Bay area, which makes (among other things) a line of programmable logic devices known as GreenPak. Their <a href="http://www.silego.com/products/greenpak5.html">5th generation parts</a> were just announced, but I started this project before that happened so I'm still targeting the <a href="http://www.silego.com/products/greenpak4.html">4th generation</a>.</p>
|
||||
<p> GreenPak devices are kind of like itty bitty <a href="http://www.cypress.com/products/32-bit-arm-cortex-m-psoc">PSoCs</a> - they have a mixed signal fabric with an ADC, DACs, comparators, voltage references, plus a digital LUT/FF fabric and some typical digital MCU peripherals like counters and oscillators (but no CPU).</p>
|
||||
<p> It's actually an interesting architecture - FPGAs (including some devices marketed as CPLDs) are a 2D array of LUTs connected via wires to adjacent cells, and true (product term) CPLDs are a star topology of AND-OR arrays connected by a crossbar. GreenPak, on the other hand, is a star topology of LUTs, flipflops, and analog/digital hard IP connected to a crossbar.</p>
|
||||
<p> Without further ado, here's a block diagram showing all the cool stuff you get in the SLG46620V:</p>
|
||||
<table>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td> <a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YIPC5jkXkDE/Vy7YPSqFKWI/AAAAAAAAAxI/a7D6Ji2GxoUvcrwUkI4RLZcr2LFQEJCTACLcB/s1600/block-diagram.png" imageanchor="1"><img height="512" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YIPC5jkXkDE/Vy7YPSqFKWI/AAAAAAAAAxI/a7D6Ji2GxoUvcrwUkI4RLZcr2LFQEJCTACLcB/s640/block-diagram.png" width="640"/></a> </td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>SLG46620V block diagram (from device datasheet)</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
<p> They're also tiny (the SLG46620V is a 20-pin 0.4mm pitch STQFN measuring 2x3 mm, and the lower gate count SLG46140V is a mere 1.6x2 mm) and probably the cheapest programmable logic device on the market - $0.50 in low volume and less than $0.40 in larger quantities.</p>
|
||||
<p> The Vdd range of GreenPak4 is huge, more like what you'd expect from an MCU than an FPGA! It can run on anything from 1.8 to 5V, although performance is only specified at 1.8, 3.3, and 5V nominal voltages. There's also a dual-rail version that trades one of the GPIO pins for a second power supply pin, allowing you to interface to logic at two different voltage levels.</p>
|
||||
<p> To support low-cost/space-constrained applications, they even have the configuration memory on die. It's one-time programmable and needs external Vpp to program (presumably Silego didn't want to waste die area on charge pumps that would only be used once) but has a SRAM programming mode for prototyping.</p>
|
||||
<p> The best part is that the development software (GreenPak Designer) is free of charge and provided for all major operating systems including Linux! Unfortunately, the only supported design entry method is schematic entry and there's no way to write your design in a HDL.</p>
|
||||
<p> While schematics may be fine for quick tinkering on really simple designs, they quickly get unwieldy. The nightmare of a circuit shown below is just a bunch of counters hooked up to LEDs that blink at various rates.</p>
|
||||
<table>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td> <a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-k3naUT3uXao/Vy7WFac246I/AAAAAAAAAw8/mePy_ostO8QJra5ZJrbP2WGhTlJ0B_r8gCLcB/s1600/schematic-from-hell.png" imageanchor="1"><img height="334" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-k3naUT3uXao/Vy7WFac246I/AAAAAAAAAw8/mePy_ostO8QJra5ZJrbP2WGhTlJ0B_r8gCLcB/s640/schematic-from-hell.png" width="640"/></a> </td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>Schematic from hell!</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
<p> As if this wasn't enough of a problem, the largest GreenPak4 device (the SLG46620V) is split into two halves with limited routing between them, and the GUI doesn't help the user manage this complexity at all - you have to draw your schematic in two halves and add "cross connections" between them.</p>
|
||||
<p> The icing on the cake is that schematics are a pain to diff and collaborate on. Although GreenPak schematics are XML based, which is a touch better than binary, who wants to read a giant XML diff and try to figure out what's going on in the circuit?</p>
|
||||
<p> This isn't going to be a post on the quirks of Silego's software, though - that would be boring. As it turns out, there's one more exciting feature of these chips that I didn't mention earlier: the configuration bitstream is 100% documented in the device datasheet! This is unheard of in the programmable logic world. As Nick of Arachnid Labs <a href="http://www.arachnidlabs.com/blog/2015/03/30/greenpak/">says</a>, the chip is "just dying for someone to write a VHDL or Verilog compiler for it". As you can probably guess by from the title of this post, I've been busy doing exactly that.</p>
|
||||
<h2> Great! How does it work?</h2>
|
||||
<p> Rather than wasting time writing a synthesizer, I decided to write a GreenPak technology library for Clifford Wolf's excellent open source synthesis tool, <a href="http://www.clifford.at/yosys/">Yosys</a>, and then make a place-and-route tool to turn that into a final netlist. The post-PAR netlist can then be loaded into GreenPak Designer in order to program the device.</p>
|
||||
<p> The first step of the process is to run the "synth_greenpak4" Yosys flow on the Verilog source. This runs a generic RTL synthesis pass, then some coarse-grained extraction passes to infer shift register and counter cells from behavioral logic, and finally maps the remaining logic to LUT/FF cells and outputs a JSON-formatted netlist.</p>
|
||||
<p> Once the design has been synthesized, my tool (named, surprisingly, gp4par) is then launched on the netlist. It begins by parsing the JSON and constructing a directed graph of cell objects in memory. A second graph, containing all of the primitives in the device and the legal connections between them, is then created based on the device specified on the command line. (As of now only the SLG46620V is supported; the SLG46621V can be added fairly easily but the SLG46140V has a slightly different microarchitecture which will require a bit more work to support.)</p>
|
||||
<p> After the graphs are generated, each node in the netlist graph is assigned a numeric label identifying the type of cell and each node in the device graph is assigned a list of legal labels: for example, an I/O buffer site is legal for an input buffer, output buffer, or bidirectional buffer.</p>
|
||||
<table>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td> <a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kIekczO693g/Vy7dBqYifXI/AAAAAAAAAxc/hMNJBs5bedIQOrBzzkhq4gbmhR-n58EQwCLcB/s1600/graph-labels.png" imageanchor="1"><img height="141" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kIekczO693g/Vy7dBqYifXI/AAAAAAAAAxc/hMNJBs5bedIQOrBzzkhq4gbmhR-n58EQwCLcB/s400/graph-labels.png" width="400"/></a> </td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>Example labeling for a subset of the netlist and device graphs</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
<p> The labeled nodes now need to be placed. The initial placement uses a simple greedy algorithm to create a valid (although not necessarily optimal or even routable) placement:</p>
|
||||
<div class="page" id="readability-page-1" itemprop="description articleBody">
|
||||
<p> I've written a couple of posts in the past few months but they were all for <a href="http://blog.ioactive.com/search/label/Andrew%20Zonenberg">the blog at work</a> so I figured I'm long overdue for one on Silicon Exposed.</p>
|
||||
<h2> So what's a GreenPak?</h2>
|
||||
<p> Silego Technology is a fabless semiconductor company located in the SF Bay area, which makes (among other things) a line of programmable logic devices known as GreenPak. Their <a href="http://www.silego.com/products/greenpak5.html">5th generation parts</a> were just announced, but I started this project before that happened so I'm still targeting the <a href="http://www.silego.com/products/greenpak4.html">4th generation</a>.</p>
|
||||
<p> GreenPak devices are kind of like itty bitty <a href="http://www.cypress.com/products/32-bit-arm-cortex-m-psoc">PSoCs</a> - they have a mixed signal fabric with an ADC, DACs, comparators, voltage references, plus a digital LUT/FF fabric and some typical digital MCU peripherals like counters and oscillators (but no CPU).</p>
|
||||
<p> It's actually an interesting architecture - FPGAs (including some devices marketed as CPLDs) are a 2D array of LUTs connected via wires to adjacent cells, and true (product term) CPLDs are a star topology of AND-OR arrays connected by a crossbar. GreenPak, on the other hand, is a star topology of LUTs, flipflops, and analog/digital hard IP connected to a crossbar.</p>
|
||||
<p> Without further ado, here's a block diagram showing all the cool stuff you get in the SLG46620V:</p>
|
||||
<table>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YIPC5jkXkDE/Vy7YPSqFKWI/AAAAAAAAAxI/a7D6Ji2GxoUvcrwUkI4RLZcr2LFQEJCTACLcB/s1600/block-diagram.png" imageanchor="1"><img height="512" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YIPC5jkXkDE/Vy7YPSqFKWI/AAAAAAAAAxI/a7D6Ji2GxoUvcrwUkI4RLZcr2LFQEJCTACLcB/s640/block-diagram.png" width="640" /></a>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>SLG46620V block diagram (from device datasheet)</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
<p> They're also tiny (the SLG46620V is a 20-pin 0.4mm pitch STQFN measuring 2x3 mm, and the lower gate count SLG46140V is a mere 1.6x2 mm) and probably the cheapest programmable logic device on the market - $0.50 in low volume and less than $0.40 in larger quantities.</p>
|
||||
<p> The Vdd range of GreenPak4 is huge, more like what you'd expect from an MCU than an FPGA! It can run on anything from 1.8 to 5V, although performance is only specified at 1.8, 3.3, and 5V nominal voltages. There's also a dual-rail version that trades one of the GPIO pins for a second power supply pin, allowing you to interface to logic at two different voltage levels.</p>
|
||||
<p> To support low-cost/space-constrained applications, they even have the configuration memory on die. It's one-time programmable and needs external Vpp to program (presumably Silego didn't want to waste die area on charge pumps that would only be used once) but has a SRAM programming mode for prototyping.</p>
|
||||
<p> The best part is that the development software (GreenPak Designer) is free of charge and provided for all major operating systems including Linux! Unfortunately, the only supported design entry method is schematic entry and there's no way to write your design in a HDL.</p>
|
||||
<p> While schematics may be fine for quick tinkering on really simple designs, they quickly get unwieldy. The nightmare of a circuit shown below is just a bunch of counters hooked up to LEDs that blink at various rates.</p>
|
||||
<table>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-k3naUT3uXao/Vy7WFac246I/AAAAAAAAAw8/mePy_ostO8QJra5ZJrbP2WGhTlJ0B_r8gCLcB/s1600/schematic-from-hell.png" imageanchor="1"><img height="334" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-k3naUT3uXao/Vy7WFac246I/AAAAAAAAAw8/mePy_ostO8QJra5ZJrbP2WGhTlJ0B_r8gCLcB/s640/schematic-from-hell.png" width="640" /></a>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>Schematic from hell!</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
<p> As if this wasn't enough of a problem, the largest GreenPak4 device (the SLG46620V) is split into two halves with limited routing between them, and the GUI doesn't help the user manage this complexity at all - you have to draw your schematic in two halves and add "cross connections" between them.</p>
|
||||
<p> The icing on the cake is that schematics are a pain to diff and collaborate on. Although GreenPak schematics are XML based, which is a touch better than binary, who wants to read a giant XML diff and try to figure out what's going on in the circuit?</p>
|
||||
<p> This isn't going to be a post on the quirks of Silego's software, though - that would be boring. As it turns out, there's one more exciting feature of these chips that I didn't mention earlier: the configuration bitstream is 100% documented in the device datasheet! This is unheard of in the programmable logic world. As Nick of Arachnid Labs <a href="http://www.arachnidlabs.com/blog/2015/03/30/greenpak/">says</a>, the chip is "just dying for someone to write a VHDL or Verilog compiler for it". As you can probably guess by from the title of this post, I've been busy doing exactly that.</p>
|
||||
<h2> Great! How does it work?</h2>
|
||||
<p> Rather than wasting time writing a synthesizer, I decided to write a GreenPak technology library for Clifford Wolf's excellent open source synthesis tool, <a href="http://www.clifford.at/yosys/">Yosys</a>, and then make a place-and-route tool to turn that into a final netlist. The post-PAR netlist can then be loaded into GreenPak Designer in order to program the device.</p>
|
||||
<p> The first step of the process is to run the "synth_greenpak4" Yosys flow on the Verilog source. This runs a generic RTL synthesis pass, then some coarse-grained extraction passes to infer shift register and counter cells from behavioral logic, and finally maps the remaining logic to LUT/FF cells and outputs a JSON-formatted netlist.</p>
|
||||
<p> Once the design has been synthesized, my tool (named, surprisingly, gp4par) is then launched on the netlist. It begins by parsing the JSON and constructing a directed graph of cell objects in memory. A second graph, containing all of the primitives in the device and the legal connections between them, is then created based on the device specified on the command line. (As of now only the SLG46620V is supported; the SLG46621V can be added fairly easily but the SLG46140V has a slightly different microarchitecture which will require a bit more work to support.)</p>
|
||||
<p> After the graphs are generated, each node in the netlist graph is assigned a numeric label identifying the type of cell and each node in the device graph is assigned a list of legal labels: for example, an I/O buffer site is legal for an input buffer, output buffer, or bidirectional buffer.</p>
|
||||
<table>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kIekczO693g/Vy7dBqYifXI/AAAAAAAAAxc/hMNJBs5bedIQOrBzzkhq4gbmhR-n58EQwCLcB/s1600/graph-labels.png" imageanchor="1"><img height="141" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kIekczO693g/Vy7dBqYifXI/AAAAAAAAAxc/hMNJBs5bedIQOrBzzkhq4gbmhR-n58EQwCLcB/s400/graph-labels.png" width="400" /></a>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>Example labeling for a subset of the netlist and device graphs</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
<p> The labeled nodes now need to be placed. The initial placement uses a simple greedy algorithm to create a valid (although not necessarily optimal or even routable) placement:</p>
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li>Loop over the cells in the netlist. If any cell has a LOC constraint, which locks the cell to a specific physical site, attempt to assign the node to the specified site. If the specified node is the wrong type, doesn't exist, or is already used by another constrained node, the constraint is invalid so fail with an error.</li>
|
||||
<li>Loop over all of the unconstrained cells in the netlist and assign them to the first unused site with the right label. If none are available, the design is too big for the device so fail with an error.</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<p> Once the design is placed, the placement optimizer then loops over the design and attempts to improve it. A simulated annealing algorithm is used, where changes to the design are accepted unconditionally if they make the placement better, and with a random, gradually decreasing probability if they make it worse. The optimizer terminates when the design receives a perfect score (indicating an optimal placement) or if it stops making progress for several iterations. Each iteration does the following:</p>
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li>Compute a score for the current design based on the number of unroutable nets, the amount of routing congestion (number of nets crossing between halves of the device), and static timing analysis (not yet implemented, always zero).</li>
|
||||
<li>Make a list of nodes that contributed to this score in some way (having some attached nets unroutable, crossing to the other half of the device, or failing timing).</li>
|
||||
<li>Remove nodes from the list that are LOC'd to a specific location since we're not allowed to move them.</li>
|
||||
<li>Remove nodes from the list that have only one legal placement in the device (for example, oscillator hard IP) since there's nowhere else for them to go.</li>
|
||||
<li>Pick a node from the remainder of the list at random. Call this our pivot.</li>
|
||||
<li>Find a list of candidate placements for the pivot: </li>
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li>Loop over the cells in the netlist. If any cell has a LOC constraint, which locks the cell to a specific physical site, attempt to assign the node to the specified site. If the specified node is the wrong type, doesn't exist, or is already used by another constrained node, the constraint is invalid so fail with an error.</li>
|
||||
<li>Loop over all of the unconstrained cells in the netlist and assign them to the first unused site with the right label. If none are available, the design is too big for the device so fail with an error.</li>
|
||||
<li>Consider all routable placements in the other half of the device.</li>
|
||||
<li>If none were found, consider all routable placements anywhere in the device.</li>
|
||||
<li>If none were found, consider all placements anywhere in the device even if they're not routable.</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<p> Once the design is placed, the placement optimizer then loops over the design and attempts to improve it. A simulated annealing algorithm is used, where changes to the design are accepted unconditionally if they make the placement better, and with a random, gradually decreasing probability if they make it worse. The optimizer terminates when the design receives a perfect score (indicating an optimal placement) or if it stops making progress for several iterations. Each iteration does the following:</p>
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li>Compute a score for the current design based on the number of unroutable nets, the amount of routing congestion (number of nets crossing between halves of the device), and static timing analysis (not yet implemented, always zero).</li>
|
||||
<li>Make a list of nodes that contributed to this score in some way (having some attached nets unroutable, crossing to the other half of the device, or failing timing).</li>
|
||||
<li>Remove nodes from the list that are LOC'd to a specific location since we're not allowed to move them.</li>
|
||||
<li>Remove nodes from the list that have only one legal placement in the device (for example, oscillator hard IP) since there's nowhere else for them to go.</li>
|
||||
<li>Pick a node from the remainder of the list at random. Call this our pivot.</li>
|
||||
<li>Find a list of candidate placements for the pivot: </li>
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li>Consider all routable placements in the other half of the device.</li>
|
||||
<li>If none were found, consider all routable placements anywhere in the device.</li>
|
||||
<li>If none were found, consider all placements anywhere in the device even if they're not routable.</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<li>Pick one of the candidates at random and move the pivot to that location. If another cell in the netlist is already there, put it in the vacant site left by the pivot.</li>
|
||||
<li>Re-compute the score for the design. If it's better, accept this change and start the next iteration.</li>
|
||||
<li>If the score is worse, accept it with a random probability which decreases as the iteration number goes up. If the change is not accepted, restore the previous placement.</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<p> After optimization, the design is checked for routability. If any edges in the netlist graph don't correspond to edges in the device graph, the user probably asked for something impossible (for example, trying to hook a flipflop's output to a comparator's reference voltage input) so fail with an error.</p>
|
||||
<p> The design is then routed. This is quite simple due to the crossbar structure of the device. For each edge in the netlist:</p>
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li>If dedicated (non-fabric) routing is used for this path, configure the destination's input mux appropriately and stop.</li>
|
||||
<li>If the source and destination are in the same half of the device, configure the destination's input mux appropriately and stop.</li>
|
||||
<li>A cross-connection must be used. Check if we already used one to bring the source signal to the other half of the device. If found, configure the destination to route from that cross-connection and stop.</li>
|
||||
<li>Check if we have any cross-connections left going in this direction. If they're all used, the design is unroutable due to congestion so fail with an error.</li>
|
||||
<li>Pick the next unused cross-connection and configure it to route from the source. Configure the destination to route from the cross-connection and stop.</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<p> Once routing is finished, run a series of post-PAR design rule checks. These currently include the following:</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>If any node has no loads, generate a warning</li>
|
||||
<li>If an I/O buffer is connected to analog hard IP, fail with an error if it's not configured in analog mode.</li>
|
||||
<li>Some signals (such as comparator inputs and oscillator power-down controls) are generated by a shared mux and fed to many loads. If different loads require conflicting settings for the shared mux, fail with an error.</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p> If DRC passes with no errors, configure all of the individual cells in the netlist based on the HDL parameters. Fail with an error if an invalid configuration was requested.</p>
|
||||
<p> Finally, generate the bitstream from all of the per-cell configuration and write it to a file.</p>
|
||||
<h2> Great, let's get started!</h2>
|
||||
<p> If you don't already have one, you'll need to buy a <a href="http://www.silego.com/buy/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=388">GreenPak4 development kit</a>. The kit includes samples of the SLG46620V (among other devices) and a programmer/emulation board. While you're waiting for it to arrive, install <a href="http://www.silego.com/softdoc/software.html">GreenPak Designer</a>.</p>
|
||||
<p> Download and install Yosys. Although Clifford is pretty good at merging my pull requests, only <a href="https://github.com/azonenberg/yosys/">my fork on Github</a> is guaranteed to have the most up-to-date support for GreenPak devices so don't be surprised if you can't use a bleeding-edge feature with mainline Yosys.</p>
|
||||
<p> Download and install gp4par. You can get it from <a href="https://github.com/azonenberg/openfpga/">the Github repository</a>.</p>
|
||||
<p> Write your HDL, compile with Yosys, P&R with gp4par, and import the bitstream into GreenPak Designer to program the target device. The most current gp4par manual is included in LaTeX source form in the source tree and is automatically built as part of the compile process. If you're just browsing, there's a <a href="http://thanatos.virtual.antikernel.net/unlisted/gp4-hdl.pdf">relatively recent PDF version</a> on my web server.</p>
|
||||
<p> If you'd like to see the Verilog that produced the nightmare of a schematic I showed above, <a href="https://github.com/azonenberg/openfpga/blob/master/tests/greenpak4/Blinky/Blinky.v">here it is</a>.</p>
|
||||
<p> Be advised that this project is still very much a work in progress and there are still a number of SLG46620V features I don't support (see the manual for exact details).</p>
|
||||
<h2> I love it / it segfaulted / there's a problem in the manual!</h2>
|
||||
<p> Hop in our IRC channel (##openfpga on Freenode) and let me know. Feedback is great, pull requests are even better,</p>
|
||||
<h2> You're competing with Silego's IDE. Have they found out and sued you yet?</h2>
|
||||
<p> Nope. They're fully aware of what I'm doing and are rolling out the red carpet for me. They love the idea of a HDL flow as an alternative to schematic entry and are pretty amazed at how fast it's coming together.</p>
|
||||
<p> After I reported a few bugs in their datasheets they decided to skip the middleman and give me direct access to the engineer who writes their documentation so that I can get faster responses. The last time I found a problem (two different parts of the datasheet contradicted each other) an updated datasheet was in my inbox and on their website by the next day. I only wish Xilinx gave me that kind of treatment!</p>
|
||||
<p> They've even <a href="https://twitter.com/SilegoTech/status/717018987771469824">offered me free hardware</a> to help me add support for their latest product family, although I plan to get GreenPak4 support to a more stable state before taking them up on the offer.</p>
|
||||
<h2> So what's next?</h2>
|
||||
<p> Better testing, for starters. I have to verify functionality by hand with a DMM and oscilloscope, which is time consuming.</p>
|
||||
<p> My contact at Silego says they're going to be giving me documentation on the SRAM emulation interface soon, so I'm going to make a hardware-in-loop test platform that connects to my desktop and the Silego ZIF socket, and lets me load new bitstreams via a scriptable interface. It'll have FPGA-based digital I/O as well as an ADC and DAC on every device pin, plus an adjustable voltage regulator for power, so I can feed in arbitrary mixed-signal test waveforms and write PC-based unit tests to verify correct behavior.</p>
|
||||
<p> Other than that, I want to finish support for the SLG46620V in the next month or two. The SLG46621V will be an easy addition since only one pin and the relevant configuration bits have changed from the 46620 (I suspect they're the same die, just bonded out differently).</p>
|
||||
<p> Once that's done I'll have to do some more extensive work to add the SLG46140V since the architecture is a bit different (a lot of the combinatorial logic is merged into multi-function blocks). Luckily, the 46140 has a lot in common architecturally with the GreenPak5 family, so once that's done GreenPak5 will probably be a lot easier to add support for.</p>
|
||||
<p> My thanks go out to Clifford Wolf, whitequark, the IRC users in ##openfpga, and everyone at Silego I've worked with to help make this possible. I hope that one day this project will become mature enough that Silego will ship it as an officially supported extension to GreenPak Designer, making history by becoming the first modern programmable logic vendor to ship a fully open source synthesis and P&R suite. </p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<li>Pick one of the candidates at random and move the pivot to that location. If another cell in the netlist is already there, put it in the vacant site left by the pivot.</li>
|
||||
<li>Re-compute the score for the design. If it's better, accept this change and start the next iteration.</li>
|
||||
<li>If the score is worse, accept it with a random probability which decreases as the iteration number goes up. If the change is not accepted, restore the previous placement.</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<p> After optimization, the design is checked for routability. If any edges in the netlist graph don't correspond to edges in the device graph, the user probably asked for something impossible (for example, trying to hook a flipflop's output to a comparator's reference voltage input) so fail with an error.</p>
|
||||
<p> The design is then routed. This is quite simple due to the crossbar structure of the device. For each edge in the netlist:</p>
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li>If dedicated (non-fabric) routing is used for this path, configure the destination's input mux appropriately and stop.</li>
|
||||
<li>If the source and destination are in the same half of the device, configure the destination's input mux appropriately and stop.</li>
|
||||
<li>A cross-connection must be used. Check if we already used one to bring the source signal to the other half of the device. If found, configure the destination to route from that cross-connection and stop.</li>
|
||||
<li>Check if we have any cross-connections left going in this direction. If they're all used, the design is unroutable due to congestion so fail with an error.</li>
|
||||
<li>Pick the next unused cross-connection and configure it to route from the source. Configure the destination to route from the cross-connection and stop.</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<p> Once routing is finished, run a series of post-PAR design rule checks. These currently include the following:</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>If any node has no loads, generate a warning</li>
|
||||
<li>If an I/O buffer is connected to analog hard IP, fail with an error if it's not configured in analog mode.</li>
|
||||
<li>Some signals (such as comparator inputs and oscillator power-down controls) are generated by a shared mux and fed to many loads. If different loads require conflicting settings for the shared mux, fail with an error.</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p> If DRC passes with no errors, configure all of the individual cells in the netlist based on the HDL parameters. Fail with an error if an invalid configuration was requested.</p>
|
||||
<p> Finally, generate the bitstream from all of the per-cell configuration and write it to a file.</p>
|
||||
<h2> Great, let's get started!</h2>
|
||||
<p> If you don't already have one, you'll need to buy a <a href="http://www.silego.com/buy/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=388">GreenPak4 development kit</a>. The kit includes samples of the SLG46620V (among other devices) and a programmer/emulation board. While you're waiting for it to arrive, install <a href="http://www.silego.com/softdoc/software.html">GreenPak Designer</a>.</p>
|
||||
<p> Download and install Yosys. Although Clifford is pretty good at merging my pull requests, only <a href="https://github.com/azonenberg/yosys/">my fork on Github</a> is guaranteed to have the most up-to-date support for GreenPak devices so don't be surprised if you can't use a bleeding-edge feature with mainline Yosys.</p>
|
||||
<p> Download and install gp4par. You can get it from <a href="https://github.com/azonenberg/openfpga/">the Github repository</a>.</p>
|
||||
<p> Write your HDL, compile with Yosys, P&R with gp4par, and import the bitstream into GreenPak Designer to program the target device. The most current gp4par manual is included in LaTeX source form in the source tree and is automatically built as part of the compile process. If you're just browsing, there's a <a href="http://thanatos.virtual.antikernel.net/unlisted/gp4-hdl.pdf">relatively recent PDF version</a> on my web server.</p>
|
||||
<p> If you'd like to see the Verilog that produced the nightmare of a schematic I showed above, <a href="https://github.com/azonenberg/openfpga/blob/master/tests/greenpak4/Blinky/Blinky.v">here it is</a>.</p>
|
||||
<p> Be advised that this project is still very much a work in progress and there are still a number of SLG46620V features I don't support (see the manual for exact details).</p>
|
||||
<h2> I love it / it segfaulted / there's a problem in the manual!</h2>
|
||||
<p> Hop in our IRC channel (##openfpga on Freenode) and let me know. Feedback is great, pull requests are even better,</p>
|
||||
<h2> You're competing with Silego's IDE. Have they found out and sued you yet?</h2>
|
||||
<p> Nope. They're fully aware of what I'm doing and are rolling out the red carpet for me. They love the idea of a HDL flow as an alternative to schematic entry and are pretty amazed at how fast it's coming together.</p>
|
||||
<p> After I reported a few bugs in their datasheets they decided to skip the middleman and give me direct access to the engineer who writes their documentation so that I can get faster responses. The last time I found a problem (two different parts of the datasheet contradicted each other) an updated datasheet was in my inbox and on their website by the next day. I only wish Xilinx gave me that kind of treatment!</p>
|
||||
<p> They've even <a href="https://twitter.com/SilegoTech/status/717018987771469824">offered me free hardware</a> to help me add support for their latest product family, although I plan to get GreenPak4 support to a more stable state before taking them up on the offer.</p>
|
||||
<h2> So what's next?</h2>
|
||||
<p> Better testing, for starters. I have to verify functionality by hand with a DMM and oscilloscope, which is time consuming.</p>
|
||||
<p> My contact at Silego says they're going to be giving me documentation on the SRAM emulation interface soon, so I'm going to make a hardware-in-loop test platform that connects to my desktop and the Silego ZIF socket, and lets me load new bitstreams via a scriptable interface. It'll have FPGA-based digital I/O as well as an ADC and DAC on every device pin, plus an adjustable voltage regulator for power, so I can feed in arbitrary mixed-signal test waveforms and write PC-based unit tests to verify correct behavior.</p>
|
||||
<p> Other than that, I want to finish support for the SLG46620V in the next month or two. The SLG46621V will be an easy addition since only one pin and the relevant configuration bits have changed from the 46620 (I suspect they're the same die, just bonded out differently).</p>
|
||||
<p> Once that's done I'll have to do some more extensive work to add the SLG46140V since the architecture is a bit different (a lot of the combinatorial logic is merged into multi-function blocks). Luckily, the 46140 has a lot in common architecturally with the GreenPak5 family, so once that's done GreenPak5 will probably be a lot easier to add support for.</p>
|
||||
<p> My thanks go out to Clifford Wolf, whitequark, the IRC users in ##openfpga, and everyone at Silego I've worked with to help make this possible. I hope that one day this project will become mature enough that Silego will ship it as an officially supported extension to GreenPak Designer, making history by becoming the first modern programmable logic vendor to ship a fully open source synthesis and P&R suite. </p>
|
||||
</div>
|
@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"title": "Student Dies After Diet Pills She Bought Online \"Burned Her Up From Within\"",
|
||||
"byline": null,
|
||||
"dir": null,
|
||||
"excerpt": "An inquest into Eloise Parry's death has been adjourned until July.",
|
||||
"readerable": true,
|
||||
"siteName": "BuzzFeed"
|
||||
"siteName": "BuzzFeed",
|
||||
"readerable": true
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"title": "Bartleby the Scrivener Web Study Text",
|
||||
"byline": null,
|
||||
"dir": null,
|
||||
"excerpt": "Ere introducing the scrivener, as he first appeared to me, it is fit \n I make some mention of myself, my employees, my business, my chambers, \n and general surroundings; because some such description is indispensable \n to an adequate understanding of the chief character about to be presented.",
|
||||
"readerable": true,
|
||||
"siteName": null
|
||||
"siteName": null,
|
||||
"readerable": true
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
@ -1,261 +1,256 @@
|
||||
<div id="readability-page-1" class="page">
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<h3>Study Webtext</h3>
|
||||
<h2><span face="Lucida Handwriting " color="Maroon
|
||||
">"Bartleby the Scrivener: A Story of Wall-Street " </span>(1853) <br/> Herman Melville</h2>
|
||||
<h2><a href="http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/webtexts/bartleby.html" target="_blank "><img src="http://fakehost/test/hmhome.gif" alt="To the story text without notes
|
||||
" height="38 " width="38 "/></a> </h2>
|
||||
<h3>Prepared by <a href="http://www.vcu.edu/engweb">Ann
|
||||
Woodlief,</a> Virginia Commonwealth University</h3>
|
||||
<h5>Click on text in red for hypertext notes and questions</h5> I am a rather elderly man. The nature of my avocations for the last thirty years has brought me into more than ordinary contact with what would seem an interesting and somewhat singular set of men of whom as yet nothing that I know of has ever been written:-- I mean the law-copyists or scriveners. I have known very many of them, professionally and privately, and if I pleased, could relate divers histories, at which good-natured gentlemen might smile, and sentimental souls might weep. But I waive the biographies of all other scriveners for a few passages in the life of Bartleby, who was a scrivener the strangest I ever saw or heard of. While of other law-copyists I might write the complete life, of Bartleby nothing of that sort can be done. I believe that no materials exist for a full and satisfactory biography of this man. It is an irreparable loss to literature. Bartleby was one of those beings of whom nothing is ascertainable, except from the original sources, and in his case those are very small. What my own astonished eyes saw of Bartleby, that is all I know of him, except, indeed, one vague report which will appear in the sequel.
|
||||
<p>Ere introducing the scrivener, as he first appeared to me, it is fit I make some mention of myself, my employees, my business, my chambers, and general surroundings; because some such description is indispensable to an adequate understanding of the chief character about to be presented. </p>
|
||||
<p> <i>Imprimis</i>: I am a man who, from his youth upwards, has been filled with a profound conviction that the easiest way of life is the best.. Hence, though I belong to a profession proverbially energetic and nervous, even to turbulence, at times, yet nothing of that sort have I ever suffered to invade my peace. I am one of those unambitious lawyers who never addresses a jury, or in any way draws down public applause; but in the cool tranquillity of a snug retreat, do a snug business among rich men's bonds and mortgages and title-deeds. The late John Jacob Astor, a personage little given to poetic enthusiasm, had no hesitation in pronouncing my first grand point to be prudence; my next, method. I do not speak it in vanity, but simply record the fact, that I was not unemployed in my profession by the last John Jacob Astor; a name which, I admit, I love to repeat, for it hath a rounded and orbicular sound to it, and rings like unto bullion. I will freely add, that I was not insensible to the late John Jacob Astor's good opinion.</p>
|
||||
<p>Some time prior to the period at which this little history begins, my avocations had been largely increased. The good old office, now extinct in the State of New York, of a Master in Chancery, had been conferred upon me. It was not a very arduous office, but very pleasantly remunerative. I seldom lose my temper; much more seldom indulge in dangerous indignation at wrongs and outrages; but I must be permitted to be rash here and declare, that I consider the sudden and violent abrogation of the office of Master of Chancery, by the new Constitution, as a----premature act; inasmuch as I had counted upon a life-lease of the profits, whereas I only received those of a few short years. But this is by the way.</p>
|
||||
<p>My chambers were up stairs at No.--Wall-street. At one end they looked upon the white wall of the interior of a spacious sky-light shaft, penetrating the building from top to bottom. This view might have been considered rather tame than otherwise, deficient in what landscape painters call "life." But if so, the view from the other end of my chambers offered, at least, a contrast, if nothing more. In that direction my windows commanded an unobstructed view of a lofty brick wall,black by age and everlasting shade; which wall required no spy-glass to bring out its lurking beauties, but for the benefit of all near-sighted spectators, was pushed up to within ten feet of my window panes. Owing to the great height of the surrounding buildings, and my chambers being on the second floor, the interval between this wall and mine not a little resembled a huge square cistern.</p>
|
||||
<p>At the period just preceding the advent of Bartleby, I had two persons as copyists in my employment, and a promising lad as an office-boy. First, Turkey; second, Nippers; third, Ginger Nut.These may seem names, the like of which are not usually found in the Directory. In truth they were nicknames, mutually conferred upon each other by my three clerks, and were deemed expressive of their respective persons or characters. Turkey was a short, pursy Englishman of about my own age, that is, somewhere not far from sixty. In the morning, one might say, his face was of a fine florid hue, but after twelve o'clock, meridian-- his dinner hour-- it blazed like a grate full of Christmas coals; and continued blazing--but, as it were, with a gradual wane--till 6 o'clock, P.M. or thereabouts, after which I saw no more of the proprietor of the face, which gaining its meridian with the sun, seemed to set with it, to rise, culminate, and decline the following day, with the like regularity and undiminished glory. There are many singular coincidences I have known in the course of my life, not the least among which was the fact that exactly when Turkey displayed his fullest beams from his red and radiant countenance, just then, too, at the critical moment, began the daily period when I considered his business capacities as seriously disturbed for the remainder of the twenty-four hours. Not that he was absolutely idle, or averse to business then; far from it. The difficulty was, he was apt to be altogether too energetic. There was a strange, inflamed, flurried, flighty recklessness of activity about him. He would be incautious in dipping his pen into his inkstand. All his blots upon my documents, were dropped there after twelve o'clock, meridian. Indeed, not only would he be reckless and sadly given to making blots in the afternoon, but some days he went further, and was rather noisy. At such times, too, his face flamed with augmented blazonry, as if cannel coal had been heaped on anthracite. He made an unpleasant racket with his chair; spilled his sand-box; in mending his pens, impatiently split them all to pieces, and threw them on the floor in a sudden passion; stood up and leaned over his table, boxing his papers about in a most indecorous manner, very sad to behold in an elderly manlike him. Nevertheless, as he was in many ways a most valuable person to me, and all the time before twelve o'clock, meridian, was the quickest, steadiest creature too, accomplishing a great deal of work in a style not easy to be matched--for these reasons, I was willingto overlook his eccentricities, though indeed, occasionally, I remonstrated with him. I did this very gently, however, because, though the civilest, nay, the blandest and most reverential of men in the morning, yet in the afternoon he was disposed, upon provocation, to be slightly rash with his tongue, in fact, insolent. Now, valuing his morning services as I did, and resolved not to lose them; yet, at the same time made uncomfortable by his inflamed ways after twelve o'clock; and being a man of peace, unwilling by my admonitions to call forth unseemingly retorts from him; I took upon me, one Saturday noon (he was always worse on Saturdays), to hint to him, very kindly, that perhaps now that he was growing old, it might be well to abridge his labors; in short, he need not come to my chambers after twelve o'clock, but, dinner over, had best go home to his lodgings and rest himself till tea-time. But no; he insisted upon his afternoon devotions. His countenance became intolerably fervid, as he oratorically assured me--gesticulating with a long ruler at the other end of the room--that if his services in the morning were useful, how indispensible, then, in the afternoon?</p>
|
||||
<p>"With submission, sir," said Turkey on this occasion, "I consider myself your right-hand man. In the morning I but marshal and deploy my columns; but in the afternoon I put myself at their head, and gallantly charge the foe, thus!"--and he made a violent thrust with the ruler.</p>
|
||||
<p>"But the blots, Turkey," intimated I.</p>
|
||||
<p>"True,--but, with submission, sir, behold these hairs! I am getting old. Surely, sir, a blot or two of a warm afternoon is not the page--is honorable. With submission, sir, we both are getting old."</p>
|
||||
<p>This appeal to my fellow-feeling was hardly to be resisted. At all events, I saw that go he would not. So I made up my mind to let him stay, resolving, nevertheless, to see to it, that during the afternoon he had to do with my less important papers.</p>
|
||||
<p>Nippers, the second on my list, was a whiskered, sallow, and, upon the whole, rather piratical-looking young man of about five and twenty. I always deemed him the victim of two evil powers-- ambition and indigestion. The ambition was evinced by a certain impatience of the duties of a mere copyist, an unwarrantable usurpation of strictly profession affairs, such as the original drawing up of legal documents. The indigestion seemed betokened in an occasional nervous testiness and grinning irritability, causing the teeth to audibly grind together over mistakes committed in copying; unnecessary maledictions, hissed, rather than spoken, in the heat of business; and especially by a continual discontent with the height of the table where he worked. Though of a very ingenious mechanical turn, Nippers could never get this table to suit him. He put chips under it, blocks of various sorts, bits of pasteboard, and at last went so far as to attempt an exquisite adjustment by final pieces of folded blotting-paper. But no invention would answer. If, for the sake of easing his back, he brought the table lid at a sharp angle well up towards his chin, and wrote there like a man using the steep roof of a Dutch house for his desk:--then he declared that it stopped the circulation in his arms. If now he lowered the table to his waistbands, and stooped over it in writing, then there was a sore aching in his back. In short, the truth of the matter was, Nippers knew not what he wanted. Or, if he wanted anything, it was to be rid of a scrivener's table altogether. Among the manifestations of his diseased ambition was a fondness he had for receiving visits from certain ambiguous-looking fellows in seedy coats, whom he called his clients. Indeed I was aware that not only was he, at times, considerable of a ward-politician, but he occasionally did a little businessat the Justices' courts, and was not unknown on the steps of the Tombs. I have good reason to believe, however, that one individual who called upon him at my chambers, and who, with a grand air, he insisted was his client, was no other than a dun, and the alleged title-deed, a bill. But with all his failings, and the annoyances he caused me, Nippers, like his compatriot Turkey, was a very useful man to me; wrote a neat, swift hand; and, when he chose, was not deficient in a gentlemanly sort of deportment. Added to this, he always dressedin a gentlemanly sort of way; and so, incidentally, reflected credit upon my chambers. Whereas with respect to Turkey, I had much ado to keep him from being a reproach to me. His clothes were apt to look oily and smell of eating-houses. He wore his pantaloons very loose and baggy in summer. His coats were execrable; his hat not to be handled. But while the hat was a thing of indifference to me, inasmuch as his natural civility and deference, as a dependent Englishman, always led him to doff it the moment he entered the room, yet his coat was another matter. Concerning his coats, I reasoned with him; but with no effect. The truth was, I suppose, that a man with so small an income, could not afford to sport such a lustrous face and a lustrous coat at one and the same time. As Nippers once observed, Turkey's money went chiefly for red ink. One winter day I presented Turkey with a highly-respectable looking coat of my own, a padded gray coat, of a most comfortable warmth, and which buttoned straight up from the knee to the neck. I thought Turkey would appreciate the favor, and abate his rashness and obstreperousness of afternoons. But no. I verily believe that buttoning himself up in so downy and blanket-like a coat had a pernicious effect upon him; upon the same principle that too much oats are bad for horses. In fact, precisely as a rash, restive horse is said to feel his oats, so Turkey felt his coat. It made him insolent. He was a man whom prosperity harmed.</p>
|
||||
<p>Though concerning the self-indulgent habits of Turkey I had my own private surmises, yet touching Nippers I was well persuaded that whatever might be his faults in other respects, he was, at least, a temperate young man. But indeed, nature herself seemed to have been his vintner, and at his birth charged him so thoroughly with an irritable, brandy-like disposition, that all subsequent potations were needless. When I consider how, amid the stillness of my chambers, Nippers would sometimes impatiently rise from his seat, and stooping over his table, spread his arms wide apart, seize the whole desk, and move it, and jerk it, with a grim, grinding motion on the floor, as if the table were a perverse voluntary agent, intent on thwarting and vexing him; I plainly perceive that for Nippers, brandy and water were altogether superfluous.</p>
|
||||
<p>It was fortunate for me that, owing to its course--indigestion--the irritability and consequent nervousness of Nippers, were mainly observable in the morning, while in the afternoon he was comparatively mild. So that Turkey's paroxysms only coming on about twelve o'clock, I never had to do with their eccentricities at one time. Their fits relieved each other like guards. When Nippers' was on, Turkey's was off, and vice versa. This was a good natural arrangement under the circumstances.</p>
|
||||
<p>Ginger Nut, the third on my list, was a lad some twelve years old. His father was a carman, ambitious of seeing his son on the bench instead of a cart, before he died. So he sent him to my office as a student at law, errand boy, and cleaner and sweeper, at the rate of one dollar a week. He had a little desk to himself, but he did not use it much. Upon inspection, the drawer exhibited a great array of the shells of various sorts of nuts. Indeed, to this quick-witted youth the whole noble science of the law was contained in a nut-shell. Not the least among the employments of Ginger Nut, as well as one which he discharged with the most alacrity, was his duty as cake and apple purveyor for Turkey and Nippers. Copying law papers being proverbially a dry, husky sort of business, my two scriveners were fain to moisten their mouths very often with Spitzenbergs to be had at the numerous stalls nigh the Custom House and Post Office. Also, they sent Ginger Nut very frequently for that peculiar cake--small, flat, round, and very spicy--after which he had been named by them. Of a cold morning when business was but dull, Turkey would gobble up scores of these cakes, as if they were mere wafers--indeed they sell them at the rate of six or eight for a penny--the scrape of his pen blending with the crunching of the crisp particles in his mouth. Of all the fiery afternoon blunders and flurried rashnesses of Turkey, was his once moistening a ginger-cake between his lips, and clapping it on to a mortgage for a seal. I came within an ace of dismissing him then. But he mollified me by making an oriental bow, and saying--"With submission, sir, it was generous of me to find you in stationery on my own account."</p>
|
||||
<p>Now my original business--that of a conveyancer and title hunter, and drawer-up of recondite documents of all sorts--was considerably increased by receiving the master's office. There was now great work for scriveners. Not only must I push the clerks already with me, but I must have additional help. In answer to my advertisement, a motionless young man one morning, stood upon my office threshold, the door being open, for it was summer. I can see that figure now--pallidly neat, pitiably respectable, incurably forlorn! It was Bartleby.</p>
|
||||
<p>After a few words touching his qualifications, I engaged him, glad to have among my corps of copyists a man of so singularly sedate an aspect, which I thought might operate beneficially upon the flighty temper of Turkey, and the fiery one of Nippers.</p>
|
||||
<p>I should have stated before that ground glass folding-doors divided my premises into two parts, one of which was occupied by my scriveners, the other by myself. According to my humor I threw open these doors, or closed them. I resolved to assign Bartleby a corner by the folding-doors, but on my side of them, so as to have this quiet man within easy call, in case any trifling thing was to be done. I placed his desk close up to a small side window in that part of the room, a window which originally had afforded a lateral view of certain grimy back-yards and bricks, but which, owing to subsequent erections, commanded at present no view at all, though it gave some light. Within three feet of the panes was a wall, and the light came down from far above, between two lofty buildings, as from a very small opening in a dome. Still further to a satisfactory arrangement, I procured a high green folding screen, which might entirely isolate Bartleby from my sight, though not remove him from my voice. And thus, in a manner, privacy and society were conjoined. </p>
|
||||
<p>At first Bartleby did an extraordinary quantity of writing. As if long famishingfor something to copy, he seemed to gorge himself on my documents. There was no pause for digestion. He ran a day and night line, copying by sun-light and by candle-light. I should have been quite delighted with his application, had be been cheerfully industrious. But he wrote on silently, palely, mechanically. </p>
|
||||
<p>It is, of course, an indispensable part of a scrivener's business to verify the accuracy of his copy, word by word. Where there are two or more scriveners in an office, they assist each other in this examination, one reading from the copy, the other holding the original. It is a very dull, wearisome, and lethargic affair. I can readily imagine that to some sanguine temperaments it would be altogether intolerable. For example, I cannot credit that the mettlesome poet Byron would have contentedly sat down with Bartleby to examine a law document of, say five hundred pages, closely written in a crimpy hand.</p>
|
||||
<p>Now and then, in the haste of business, it had been my habit to assist in comparing some brief document myself, calling Turkey or Nippers for this purpose. One object I had in placing Bartleby so handy to me behind the screen, was to avail myself of his services on such trivial occasions. It was on the third day, I think, of his being with me, and before any necessity had arisen for having his own writing examined, that, being much hurried to complete a small affair I had in hand, I abruptly called to Bartleby. In my haste and natural expectancy of instant compliance, I sat with my head bent over the original on my desk, and my right hand sideways, and somewhat nervously extended with the copy, so that immediately upon emerging from his retreat, Bartleby might snatch it and proceed to business without the least delay.</p>
|
||||
<p>In this very attitude did I sit when I called to him, rapidly stating what it was I wanted him to do--namely, to examine a small paper with me. Imagine my surprise, nay, my consternation, when without moving from his privacy, Bartleby in a singularly mild, firm voice, replied,"I would prefer not to." </p>
|
||||
<p>I sat awhile in perfect silence, rallying my stunned faculties. Immediately it occurred to me that my ears had deceived me, or Bartleby had entirely misunderstood my meaning. I repeated my request in the clearest tone I could assume. But in quite as clear a one came the previous reply, "I would prefer not to."</p>
|
||||
<p>"Prefer not to," echoed I, rising in high excitement, and crossing the room with a stride, "What do you mean? Are you moon-struck? I want you to help me compare this sheet here--take it," and I thrust it towards him.</p>
|
||||
<p>"I would prefer not to," said he.</p>
|
||||
<p>I looked at him steadfastly. His face was leanly composed; his gray eye dimly calm. Not a wrinkle of agitation rippled him. Had there been the least uneasiness, anger, impatience or impertinence in his manner; in other words, had there been any thing ordinarily human about him, doubtless I should have violently dismissed him from the premises. But as it was, I should have as soon thought of turning my pale plaster-of-paris bust of Cicero out of doors. I stood gazing at him awhile, as he went on with his own writing, and then reseated myself at my desk. This is very strange, thought I. What had one best do? But my business hurried me. I concluded to forget the matter for the present, reserving it for my future leisure. So calling Nippers from the other room, the paper was speedily examined.</p>
|
||||
<p>A few days after this, Bartleby concluded four lengthy documents, being quadruplicates of a week's testimony taken before me in my High Court of Chancery. It became necessary to examine them. It was an important suit, and great accuracy was imperative. Having all things arranged I called Turkey, Nippers and Ginger Nut from the next room, meaning to place the four copies in the hands of my four clerks, while I should read from the original. Accordingly Turkey, Nippers and Ginger Nut had taken their seats in a row, each with his document in hand, when I called to Bartleby to join this interesting group.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Bartleby! quick, I am waiting."</p>
|
||||
<p>I heard a low scrape of his chair legs on the unscraped floor, and soon he appeared standing at the entrance of his hermitage. </p>
|
||||
<p>"What is wanted?" said he mildly.</p>
|
||||
<p>"The copies, the copies," said I hurriedly. "We are going to examine them. There"--and I held towards him the fourth quadruplicate.</p>
|
||||
<p>"I would prefer not to," he said, and gently disappeared behind the screen.</p>
|
||||
<p>For a few moments I was turned into a pillar of salt, standing at the head of my seated column of clerks. Recovering myself, I advanced towards the screen, and demanded the reason for such extraordinary conduct.</p>
|
||||
<p>"<i>Why</i> do you refuse?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"I would prefer not to."</p>
|
||||
<p>With any other man I should have flown outright into a dreadful passion, scorned all further words, and thrust him ignominiously from my presence. But there was something about Bartleby that not only strangely disarmed me, but in a wonderful manner touched and disconcerted me. I began to reason with him.</p>
|
||||
<p>"These are your own copies we are about to examine. It is labor saving to you, because one examination will answer for your four papers. It is common usage. Every copyist is bound to help examine his copy. Is it not so? Will you not speak? Answer!"</p>
|
||||
<p>"I prefer not to," he replied in a flute-like tone. It seemed to me that while I had been addressing him, he carefully revolved every statement that I made; fully comprehended the meaning; could not gainsay the irresistible conclusion; but, at the same time, some paramount consideration prevailed with him to reply as he did.</p>
|
||||
<p>"You are decided, then, not to comply with my request--a request made according to common usage and common sense?"</p>
|
||||
<p>He briefly gave me to understand that on that point my judgment was sound. Yes: his decision was irreversible.</p>
|
||||
<p>It is not seldom the case that when a man is browbeaten in some unprecedented and violently unreasonable way, he begins to stagger in his own plainest faith. He begins, as it were, vaguely to surmise that, wonderful as it may be, all the justice and all the reason is on the other side. Accordingly, if any disinterested persons are present, he turns to them for some reinforcement for his own faltering mind. </p>
|
||||
<p>"Turkey," said I, "what do you think of this? Am I not right?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"With submission, sir," said Turkey, with his blandest tone, "I think that you are."</p>
|
||||
<p>"Nippers," said I, "what do<i> you</i> think of it?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"I think I should kick him out of the office."</p>
|
||||
<p>(The reader of nice perceptions will here perceive that, it being morning, Turkey's answer is couched in polite and tranquil terms, but Nippers replies in ill-tempered ones. Or, to repeat a previous sentence, Nipper's ugly mood was on duty, and Turkey's off.)</p>
|
||||
<p>"Ginger Nut," said I, willing to enlist the smallest suffrage in my behalf, "what do<i> you</i> think of it?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"I think, sir, he's a little<i> luny</i>," replied Ginger Nut, with a grin.</p>
|
||||
<p>"You hear what they say," said I, turning towards the screen, "come forth and do your duty."</p>
|
||||
<p>But he vouchsafed no reply. I pondered a moment in sore perplexity. But once more business hurried me. I determined again to postpone the consideration of this dilemma to my future leisure. With a little trouble we made out to examine the papers without Bartleby, though at every page or two, Turkey deferentially dropped his opinion that this proceeding was quite out of the common; while Nippers, twitching in his chair with a dyspeptic nervousness, ground out between his set teeth occasional hissing maledictions against the stubborn oaf behind the screen. And for his (Nipper's) part, this was the first and the last time he would do another man's business without pay.</p>
|
||||
<p>Meanwhile Bartleby sat in his hermitage, oblivious to every thing but his own peculiar business there.</p>
|
||||
<p>Some days passed, the scrivener being employed upon another lengthy work. His late remarkable conduct led me to regard his way narrowly. I observed that he never went to dinner; indeed that he never went any where. As yet I had never of my personal knowledge known him to be outside of my office. He was a perpetual sentry in the corner. At about eleven o'clock though, in the morning, I noticed that Ginger Nut would advance toward the opening in Bartleby's screen, as if silently beckoned thither by a gesture invisible to me where I sat. That boy would then leave the office jingling a few pence, and reappear with a handful of ginger-nuts which he delivered in the hermitage, receiving two of the cakes for his trouble.</p>
|
||||
<p>He lives, then, on ginger-nuts, thought I; never eats a dinner, properly speaking; he must be a vegetarian then, but no; he never eats even vegetables, he eats nothing but ginger-nuts. My mind then ran on in reveries concerning the probable effects upon the human constitution of living entirely on ginger-nuts. Ginger-nuts are so called because they contain ginger as one of their peculiar constituents, and the final flavoring one. Now what was ginger? A hot, spicy thing. Was Bartleby hot and spicy? Not at all. Ginger, then, had no effect upon Bartleby. Probably he preferred it should have none. </p>
|
||||
<p>Nothing so aggravates an earnest person as a passive resistance. If the individual so resisted be of a not inhumane temper, and the resisting one perfectly harmless in his passivity; then, in the better moods of the former, he will endeavor charitably to construe to his imagination what proves impossible to be solved by his judgment. Even so, for the most part, I regarded Bartleby and his ways. Poor fellow! thought I, he means no mischief; it is plain he intends no insolence; his aspect sufficiently evinces that his eccentricities are involuntary. He is useful to me. I can get along with him. If I turn him away, the chances are he will fall in with some less indulgent employer, and then he will be rudely treated, and perhaps driven forth miserably to starve. Yes. Here I can cheaply purchase a delicious self-approval. To befriend Bartleby; to humor him in his strange willfulness, will cost me little or nothing, while I lay up in my soul what will eventually prove a sweet morsel for my conscience. But this mood was not invariable with me. The passiveness of Bartleby sometimes irritated me. I felt strangely goaded on to encounter him in new opposition, to elicit some angry spark from him answerable to my own. But indeed I might as well have essayed to strike fire with my knuckles against a bit of Windsor soap. But one afternoon the evil impulse in me mastered me, and the following little scene ensued:</p>
|
||||
<p>"Bartleby," said I, "when those papers are all copied, I will compare them with you."</p>
|
||||
<p>"I would prefer not to."</p>
|
||||
<p>"How? Surely you do not mean to persist in that mulish vagary?"</p>
|
||||
<p>No answer.</p>
|
||||
<p>I threw open the folding-doors near by, and turning upon Turkey and Nippers, exclaimed in an excited manner--</p>
|
||||
<p>"He says, a second time, he won't examine his papers. What do you think of it, Turkey?"</p>
|
||||
<p>It was afternoon, be it remembered. Turkey sat glowing like a brass boiler, his bald head steaming, his hands reeling among his blotted papers.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Think of it?" roared Turkey; "I think I'll just step behind his screen, and black his eyes for him!"</p>
|
||||
<p>So saying, Turkey rose to his feet and threw his arms into a pugilistic position. He was hurrying away to make good his promise, when I detained him, alarmed at the effect of incautiously rousing Turkey's combativeness after dinner.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Sit down, Turkey," said I, "and hear what Nippers has to say. What do you think of it, Nippers? Would I not be justified in immediately dismissing Bartleby?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"Excuse me, that is for you to decide, sir. I think his conduct quite unusual, and indeed unjust, as regards Turkey and myself. But it may only be a passing whim."</p>
|
||||
<p>"Ah," exclaimed I, "you have strangely changed your mind then--you speak very gently of him now."</p>
|
||||
<p>"All beer," cried Turkey; "gentleness is effects of beer--Nippers and I dined together to-day. You see how gentle I am, sir. Shall I go and black his eyes?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"You refer to Bartleby, I suppose. No, not to-day, Turkey," I replied; "pray, put up your fists."</p>
|
||||
<p>I closed the doors, and again advanced towards Bartleby. I felt additional incentives tempting me to my fate. I burned to be rebelled against again. I remembered that Bartleby never left the office.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Bartleby," said I, "Ginger Nut is away; just step round to the Post Office, won't you? (it was but a three minutes walk,) and see if there is any thing for me."</p>
|
||||
<p>"I would prefer not to."</p>
|
||||
<p>"You<i> will</i> not?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"I <i>prefer</i> not."</p>
|
||||
<p>I staggered to my desk, and sat there in a deep study. My blind inveteracy returned. Was there any other thing in which I could procure myself to be ignominiously repulsed by this lean, penniless with?--my hired clerk? What added thing is there, perfectly reasonable, that he will be sure to refuse to do?</p>
|
||||
<p>"Bartleby!"</p>
|
||||
<p>No answer.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Bartleby," in a louder tone.</p>
|
||||
<p>No answer.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Bartleby," I roared.</p>
|
||||
<p>Like a very ghost, agreeably to the laws of magical invocation, at the third summons, he appeared at the entrance of his hermitage.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Go to the next room, and tell Nippers to come to me."</p>
|
||||
<p>"I prefer not to," he respectfully and slowly said, and mildly disappeared.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Very good, Bartleby," said I, in a quiet sort of serenely severe self-possessed tone, intimating the unalterable purpose of some terrible retribution very close at hand. At the moment I half intended something of the kind. But upon the whole, as it was drawing towards my dinner-hour, I thought it best to put on my hat and walk home for the day, suffering much from perplexity and distress of mind.</p>
|
||||
<p> Shall I acknowledge it? The conclusion of this whole business was that it soon became a fixed fact of my chambers, that a pale young scrivener, by the name of Bartleby, had a desk there; that he copied for me at the usual rate of four cents a folio (one hundred words); but he was permanently exempt from examining the work done by him, that duty being transferred to Turkey and Nippers, one of compliment doubtless to their superior acuteness; moreover, said Bartleby was never on any account to be dispatched on the most trivial errand of any sort; and that even if entreated to take upon him such a matter, it was generally understood that he would prefer not to--in other words, that he would refuse point-blank. </p>
|
||||
<p>32 As days passed on, I became considerably reconciled to Bartleby. His steadiness, his freedom from all dissipation, his incessant industry (except when he chose to throw himself into a standing revery behind his screen), his great stillness, his unalterableness of demeanor under all circumstances, made him a valuable acquisition. One prime thing was this,--he was always there;--first in the morning, continually through the day, and the last at night. I had a singular confidence in his honesty. I felt my most precious papers perfectly safe in his hands. Sometimes to be sure I could not, for the very soul of me, avoid falling into sudden spasmodic passions with him. For it was exceeding difficult to bear in mind all the time those strange peculiarities, privileges, and unheard of exemptions, forming the tacit stipulations on Bartleby's part under which he remained in my office. Now and then, in the eagerness of dispatching pressing business, I would inadvertently summon Bartleby, in a short, rapid tone, to put his finger, say, on the incipient tie of a bit of red tape with which I was about compressing some papers. Of course, from behind the screen the usual answer, "I prefer not to," was sure to come; and then, how could a human creature with the common infirmities of our nature, refrain from bitterly exclaiming upon such perverseness--such unreasonableness. However, every added repulse of this sort which I received only tended to lessen the probability of my repeating the inadvertence.</p>
|
||||
<p>Here is must be said, that according to the custom of most legal gentlemen occupying chambers in densely-populated law buildings, there were several keys to my door. One was kept by a woman residing in the attic, which person weekly scrubbed and daily swept and dusted my apartments. Another was kept by Turkey for convenience sake. The third I sometimes carried in my own pocket. The fourth I knew not who had.</p>
|
||||
<p>Now, one Sunday morning I happened to go to Trinity Church, to hear a celebrated preacher, and finding myself rather early on the ground, I thought I would walk round to my chambers for a while. Luckily I had my key with me; but upon applying it to the lock, I found it resisted by something inserted from the inside. Quite surprised, I called out; when to my consternation a key was turned from within; and thrusting his lean visage at me, and holding the door ajar, the apparition of Bartleby appeared, in his shirt sleeves, and otherwise in a strangely tattered dishabille, saying quietly that he was sorry, but he was deeply engaged just then, and--preferred not admitting me at present. In a brief word or two, he moreover added, that perhaps I had better walk round the block two or three times, and by that time he would probably have concluded his affairs. Now, the utterly unsurmised appearance of Bartleby, tenanting my law-chambers of a Sunday morning, with his cadaverously gentlemanly nonchalance, yet withal firm and self-possessed, had such a strange effect upon me, that incontinently I slunk away from my own door, and did as desired. But not without sundry twinges of impotent rebellion against the mild effrontery of this unaccountable scrivener. Indeed, it was his wonderful mildness chiefly, which not only disarmed me, but unmanned me, as it were. For I consider that one, for the time, is a sort of unmanned when he tranquilly permits his hired clerk to dictate to him, and order him away from his own premises. Furthermore, I was full of uneasiness as to what Bartleby could possibly be doing in my office in his shirt sleeves, and in an otherwise dismantled condition of a Sunday morning. Was any thing amiss going on? Nay, that was out of the question. It was not to be thought of for a moment that Bartleby was an immoral person. But what could he be doing there?--copying? Nay again, whatever might be his eccentricities, Bartleby was an eminently decorous person. He would be the last man to sit down to his desk in any state approaching to nudity. Besides, it was Sunday; and there was something about Bartleby that forbade the supposition that we would by any secular occupation violate the proprieties of the day.</p>
|
||||
<p>Nevertheless, my mind was not pacified; and full of a restless curiosity, at last I returned to the door. Without hindrance I inserted my key, opened it, and entered. Bartleby was not to be seen. I looked round anxiously, peeped behind his screen; but it was very plain that he was gone. Upon more closely examining the place, I surmised that for an indefinite period Bartleby must have ate, dressed, and slept in my office, and that too without plate, mirror, or bed. The cushioned seat of a rickety old sofa in one corner bore t faint impress of a lean, reclining form. Rolled away under his desk, I found a blanket; under the empty grate, a blacking box and brush; on a chair, a tin basin, with soap and a ragged towel; in a newspaper a few crumbs of ginger-nuts and a morsel of cheese. Yet, thought I, it is evident enough that Bartleby has been making his home here, keeping bachelor's hallall by himself. Immediately then the thought came sweeping across me, What miserable friendlessness and loneliness are here revealed! His poverty is great; but his solitude, how horrible! Think of it. Of a Sunday, Wall-street is deserted as Petra; and every night of every day it is an emptiness. This building too, which of week-days hums with industry and life, at nightfall echoes with sheer vacancy, and all through Sunday is forlorn. And here Bartleby makes his home; sole spectator of a solitude which he has seen all populous--a sort of innocent and transformed Marius brooding among the ruins of Carthage! </p>
|
||||
<p>For the first time in my life a feeling of overpowering stinging melancholy seized me. Before, I had never experienced aught but a not-unpleasing sadness. The bond of a common humanity now drew me irresistibly to gloom. A fraternal melancholy! For both I and Bartleby were sons of Adam. I remembered the bright silks and sparkling faces I had seen that day in gala trim, swan-like sailing down the Mississippi of Broadway; and I contrasted them with the pallid copyist, and thought to myself, Ah, happiness courts the light, so we deem the world is gay; but misery hides aloof, so we deem that misery there is none. These sad fancyings-- chimeras, doubtless, of a sick and silly brain--led on to other and more special thoughts, concerning the eccentricities of Bartleby. Presentiments of strange discoveries hovered round me. The scrivener's pale form appeared to me laid out, among uncaring strangers, in its shivering winding sheet.</p>
|
||||
<p>Suddenly I was attracted by Bartleby's closed desk, the key in open sight left in the lock.</p>
|
||||
<p> I mean no mischief, seek the gratification of no heartless curiosity, thought I; besides, the desk is mine, and its contents too, so I will make bold to look within. Every thing was methodically arranged, the papers smoothly placed. The pigeon holes were deep, and removing the files of documents, I groped into their recesses. Presently I felt something there, and dragged it out. It was an old bandanna handkerchief, heavy and knotted. I opened it, and saw it was a savings' bank.</p>
|
||||
<p>I now recalled all the quiet mysteries which I had noted in the man. I remembered that he never spoke but to answer; that though at intervals he had considerable time to himself, yet I had never seen him reading--no, not even a newspaper; that for long periods he would stand looking out, at his pale window behind the screen, upon the dead brick wall; I was quite sure he never visited any refectory or eating house; while his pale face clearly indicated that he never drank beer like Turkey, or tea and coffee even, like other men; that he never went any where in particular that I could learn; never went out for a walk, unless indeed that was the case at present; that he had declined telling who he was, or whence he came, or whether he had any relatives in the world; that though so thin and pale, he never complained of ill health. And more than all, I remembered a certain unconscious air of pallid--how shall I call it?--of pallid haughtiness, say, or rather an austere reserve about him, which had positively awed me into my tame compliance with his eccentricities, when I had feared to ask him to do the slightest incidental thing for me, even though I might know, from his long-continued motionlessness, that behind his screen he must be standing in one of those dead-wall reveries of his.</p>
|
||||
<p>Revolving all these things, and coupling them with the recently discovered fact that he made my office his constant abiding place and home, and not forgetful of his morbid moodiness; revolving all these things, a prudential feeling began to steal over me. My first emotions had been those of pure melancholy and sincerest pity; but just in proportion as the forlornness of Bartleby grew and grew to my imagination, did that same melancholy merge into fear, that pity into repulsion. So true it is, and so terrible too, that up to a certain point the thought or sight of misery enlists our best affections; but, in certain special cases, beyond that point it does not. They err who would assert that invariably this is owing to the inherent selfishness of the human heart. It rather proceeds from a certain hopelessness of remedying excessive and organic ill. To a sensitive being, pity is not seldom pain. And when at last it is perceived that such pity cannot lead to effectual succor, common sense bids the soul be rid of it. What I saw that morning persuaded me that the scrivener was the victim of innate and incurable disorder. I might give alms to his body; but his body did not pain him; it was his soul that suffered, and his soul I could not reach. </p>
|
||||
<p>I did not accomplish the purpose of going to Trinity Church that morning. Somehow, the things I had seen disqualified me for the time from church-going. I walked homeward, thinking what I would do with Bartleby. Finally, I resolvedupon this;--I would put certain calm questions to him the next morning, touching his history, &c., and if he declined to answer then openly and reservedly (and I supposed he would prefer not), then to give him a twenty dollar bill over and above whatever I might owe him, and tell him his services were no longer required; but that if in any other way I could assist him, I would be happy to do so, especially if he desired to return to his native place, wherever that might be, I would willingly help to defray the expenses. Moreover, if after reaching home, he found himself at any time in want of aid, a letter from him would be sure of a reply.</p>
|
||||
<p>The next morning came.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Bartleby," said I, gently calling to him behind the screen.</p>
|
||||
<p>No reply.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Bartleby," said I, in a still gentler tone, "come here; I am not going to ask you to do any thing you would prefer not to do--I simply wish to speak to you."</p>
|
||||
<p>Upon this he noiselessly slid into view.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Will you tell me, Bartleby, where you were born?" </p>
|
||||
<p>"I would prefer not to."</p>
|
||||
<p>"Will you tell me <i>anything </i>about yourself?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"I would prefer not to."</p>
|
||||
<p>"But what reasonable objection can you have to speak to me? I feel friendly towards you."</p>
|
||||
<p>He did not look at me while I spoke, but kept his glance fixed upon my bust of Cicero, which as I then sat, was directly behind me, some six inches above my head. "What is your answer, Bartleby?" said I, after waiting a considerable time for a reply, during which his countenance remained immovable, only there was the faintest conceivable tremor of the white attenuated mouth.</p>
|
||||
<p>"At present I prefer to give no answer," he said, and retired into his hermitage.</p>
|
||||
<p>It was rather weak in me I confess, but his manner on this occasion nettled me. Not only did there seem to lurk in it a certain disdain, but his perverseness seemed ungrateful, considering the undeniable good usage and indulgence he had received from me.</p>
|
||||
<p>Again I sat ruminating what I should do.Mortified as I was at his behavior, and resolved as I had been to dismiss him when I entered my office, nevertheless I strangely felt something superstitious knocking at my heart, and forbidding me to carry out my purpose, and denouncing me for a villain if I dared to breathe one bitter word against this forlornest of mankind. At last, familiarly drawing my chair behind his screen, I sat down and said: "Bartleby, never mind then about revealing your history; but let me entreat you, as a friend, to comply as far as may be with the usages of this office. Say now you will help to examine papers tomorrow or next day: in short, say now that in a day or two you will begin to be a little reasonable:--say so, Bartleby."</p>
|
||||
<p>"At present I would prefer not to be a little reasonable was his idly cadaverous reply.,"</p>
|
||||
<p>Just then the folding-doors opened, and Nippers approached. He seemed suffering from an unusually bad night's rest, induced by severer indigestion than common. He overheard those final words of Bartleby.</p>
|
||||
<p><i>"Prefer</i> not, eh?" gritted Nippers--"I'd<i> prefer</i> him, if I were you, sir," addressing me--"I'd <i>prefer</i> him; I'd give him preferences, the stubborn mule! What is it, sir, pray, that he <i>prefers</i> not to do now?"</p>
|
||||
<p>Bartleby moved not a limb.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Mr. Nippers," said I, "I'd prefer that you would withdraw for the present." </p>
|
||||
<p>Somehow, of late I had got into the way of involuntary using this word "prefer" upon all sorts of not exactly suitable occasions. And I trembled to think that my contact with the scrivener had already and seriously affected me in a mental way. And what further and deeper aberration might it not yet produce? This apprehension had not been without efficacy in determining me to summary means.</p>
|
||||
<p>As Nippers, looking very sour and sulky, was departing, Turkey blandly and deferentially approached.</p>
|
||||
<p>"With submission, sir," said he, "yesterday I was thinking about Bartleby here, and I think that if he would but prefer to take a quart of good ale every day, it would do much towards mending him, and enabling him to assist in examining his papers."</p>
|
||||
<p>"So you have got the word too," said I, slightly excited.</p>
|
||||
<p>"With submission, what word, sir," asked Turkey, respectfully crowding himself into the contracted space behind the screen, and by so doing, making me jostle the scrivener. "What word, sir?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"I would prefer to be left alone here," said Bartleby, as if offended at being mobbed in his privacy. </p>
|
||||
<p>"<i>That's</i> the word, Turkey," said I--<i>"that's</i> it."</p>
|
||||
<p>"Oh,<i> prefer</i> oh yes--queer word. I never use it myself. But, sir as I was saying, if he would but prefer--"</p>
|
||||
<p>"Turkey," interrupted I, "you will please withdraw."</p>
|
||||
<p>"Oh, certainly, sir, if you prefer that I should."</p>
|
||||
<p>As he opened the folding-door to retire, Nippers at his desk caught a glimpse of me, and asked whether I would prefer to have a certain paper copied on blue paper or white. He did not in the least roguishly accent the word prefer. It was plain that it involuntarily rolled from his tongue. I thought to myself, surely I must get rid of a demented man, who already has in some degree turned the tongues, if not the heads of myself and clerks. But I thought it prudent not to break the dismission at once.</p>
|
||||
<p>The next day I noticed that Bartleby did nothing but stand at his window in his dead-wall revery. Upon asking him why he did not write, he said that he had decided upon doing no more writing.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Why, how now? what next?" exclaimed I, "do no more writing?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"No more."</p>
|
||||
<p>"And what is the reason?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"Do you not see the reason for yourself," he indifferently replied.</p>
|
||||
<p>I looked steadfastly at him, and perceived that his eyes looked dull and glazed. Instantly it occurred to me, that his unexampled diligence in copying by his dim window for the first few weeks of his stay with me might have temporarily impaired his vision.</p>
|
||||
<p>I was touched. I said something in condolence with him. I hinted that of course he did wisely in abstaining from writing for a while; and urged him to embrace that opportunity of taking wholesome exercise in the open air. This, however, he did not do. A few days after this, my other clerks being absent, and being in a great hurry to dispatch certain letters by the mail, I thought that, having nothing else earthly to do, Bartleby would surely be less inflexible than usual, and carry these letters to the post-office. But he blankly declined. So, much to my inconvenience, I went myself.</p>
|
||||
<p>Still added days went by. Whether Bartleby's eyes improved or not, I could not say. To all appearance, I thought they did. But when I asked him if they did, he vouchsafed no answer. At all events, he would do no copying. At last, in reply to my urgings, he informed me that he had permanently given up copying.</p>
|
||||
<p>"What!" exclaimed I; "suppose your eyes should get entirely well- better than ever before--would you not copy then?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"I have given up copying," he answered, and slid aside. </p>
|
||||
<p>He remained as ever, a fixture in my chamber. Nay--if that were possible--he became still more of a fixture than before. What was to be done? He would do nothing in the office: why should he stay there? In plain fact, he had now become a millstone to me, not only useless as a necklace, but afflictive to bear. Yet I was sorry for him. I speak less than truth when I say that, on his own account, he occasioned me uneasiness. If he would but have named a single relative or friend, I would instantly have written, and urged their taking the poor fellow away to some convenient retreat. But he seemed alone, absolutely alone in the universe. A bit of wreck</font> in the mid Atlantic. At length, necessities connected with my business tyrannized over all other considerations. Decently as I could, I told Bartleby that in six days' time he must unconditionally leave the office. I warned him to take measures, in the interval, for procuring some other abode. I offered to assist him in this endeavor, if he himself would but take the first step towards a removal. "And when you finally quit me, Bartleby," added I, "I shall see that you go not away entirely unprovided. Six days from this hour, remember."</p>
|
||||
<p>At the expiration of that period, I peeped behind the screen, and lo! Bartleby was there. </p>
|
||||
<p>I buttoned up my coat, balanced myself; advanced slowly towards him, touched his shoulder, and said, "The time has come; you must quit this place; I am sorry for you; here is money; but you must go."</p>
|
||||
<p>"I would prefer not," he replied, with his back still towards me.</p>
|
||||
<p>"You<i> must</i>."</p>
|
||||
<p>He remained silent.</p>
|
||||
<p>Now I had an unbounded confidence in this man's common honesty. He had frequently restored to me six pences and shillings carelessly dropped upon the floor, for I am apt to be very reckless in such shirt-button affairs. The proceeding then which followed will not be deemed extraordinary. "Bartleby," said I, "I owe you twelve dollars on account; here are thirty-two; the odd twenty are yours.--Will you take it? and I handed the bills towards him.</p>
|
||||
<p>But he made no motion.</p>
|
||||
<p>"I will leave them here then," putting them under a weight on the table. Then taking my hat and cane and going to the door I tranquilly turned and added--"After you have removed your things from these offices, Bartleby, you will of course lock the door--since every one is now gone for the day but you--and if you please, slip your key underneath the mat, so that I may have it in the morning. I shall not see you again; so good-bye to you. If hereafter in your new place of abode I can be of any service to you, do not fail to advise me by letter. Good-bye, Bartleby, and fare you well."</p>
|
||||
<p>But he answered not a word; like the last column of some ruined temple, he remained standing mute and solitary in the middle of the otherwise deserted room.</p>
|
||||
<p>As I walked home in a pensive mood, my vanity got the better of my pity. I could not but highly plume myself on my masterly management in getting rid of Bartleby. Masterly I call it, and such it must appear to any dispassionate thinker. The beauty of my procedure seemed to consist in its perfect quietness. There was no vulgar bullying, no bravado of any sort, no choleric hectoring and striding to and fro across the apartment, jerking out vehement commands for Bartleby to bundle himself off with his beggarly traps. Nothing of the kind. Without loudly bidding Bartleby depart--as an inferior genius might have done--I assumed the ground that depart he must; and upon the assumption built all I had to say. The more I thought over my procedure, the more I was charmed with it. Nevertheless, next morning, upon awakening, I had my doubts,--I had somehow slept off the fumes of vanity. One of the coolest and wisest hours a man has, is just after he awakes in the morning. My procedure seemed as sagacious as ever,--but only in theory. How it would prove in practice--there was the rub. It was truly a beautiful thought to have assumed Bartleby's departure; but, after all, that assumption was simply my own, and none of Bartleby's. The great point was, not whether I had assumed that he would quit me, but whether he would prefer so to do. He was more a man of preferences than assumptions.</p>
|
||||
<p>After breakfast, I walked down town, arguing the probabilities pro and con. One moment I thought it would prove a miserable failure, and Bartleby would be found all alive at my office as usual; the next moment it seemed certain that I should see his chair empty. And so I kept veering about. At the corner of Broadway and Canal- street, I saw quite an excited group of people standing in earnest conversation.</p>
|
||||
<p>"I'll take odds he doesn't," said a voice as I passed.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Doesn't go?--done!" said I, "put up your money."</p>
|
||||
<p>I was instinctively putting my hand in my pocket to produce my own, when I remembered that this was an election day. The words I had overheard bore no reference to Bartleby, but to the success or non-success of some candidate for the mayoralty. In my intent frame of mind, I had, as it were, imagined that all Broadway shared in my excitement, and were debating the same question with me. I passed on, very thankful that the uproar of the street screened my momentary absent-mindedness.</p>
|
||||
<p>As I had intended, I was earlier than usual at my office door. I stood listening for a moment. All was still. He must be gone. I tried the knob. The door was locked. Yes, my procedure had worked to a charm; he indeed must be vanished. Yet a certain melancholy mixed with this: I was almost sorry for my brilliant success. I was fumbling under the door mat for the key, which Bartleby was to have left there for me, when accidentally my knee knocked against a panel, producing a summoning sound, and in response a voice came to me from within--"Not yet; I am occupied."</p>
|
||||
<p>It was Bartleby.</p>
|
||||
<p>I was thunderstruck. For an instant I stood like the man who, pipe in mouth, was killed one cloudless afternoon long ago in Virginia, by summer lightning; at his own warm open window he was killed, and remained leaning out there upon the dreamy afternoon, till some one touched him, when he fell. "Not gone!" I murmured at last. But again obeying that wondrous ascendancy which the inscrutable scrivener had over me, and from which ascendancy, for all my chafing, I could not completely escape, I slowly went down stairs and out into the street, and while walking round the block, considered what I should next do in this unheard-of-perplexity. Turn the man out by an actual thrusting I could not; to drive him away by calling him hard names would not do; calling in the police was an unpleasant idea; and yet, permit him to enjoy his cadaverous triumph over me,--this too I could not think of. What was to be done? or, if nothing could be done, was there any thing further that I could assume in the matter? Yes, as before I had prospectively assumed that Bartleby would depart, so now I might retrospectively assume that departed he was. In the legitimate carrying out of this assumption, I might enter my office in a great hurry, and pretending not to see Bartleby at all, walk straight against him as if he were air. Such a proceeding would in a singular degree have the appearance of a home-thrust. It was hardly possible that Bartleby could withstand such an application of the doctrine of assumptions. But upon second thoughts the success of the plan seemed rather dubious. I resolved to argue the matter over with him again.</p>
|
||||
<p>Bartleby," said I, entering the office, with a quietly severe expression. "I am seriously displeased. I am pained, Bartleby. I had thought better of you. I had imagined you of such a gentlemanly organization, that in any delicate dilemma a slight hint would suffice--in short, an assumption. But it appears I am deceived. Why," I added, unaffectedly starting, "you have not even touched the money yet," pointing to it, just where I had left it the evening previous.</p>
|
||||
<p>He answered nothing.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Will you, or will you not, quit me?" I now demanded in a sudden passion, advancing close to him.</p>
|
||||
<p>"I would prefer <i>not</i> to quit you," he replied, gently emphasizing the<i> not</i>.</p>
|
||||
<p>"What earthly right have you to stay here? do you pay any rent? Do you pay my taxes? Or is this property yours?"</p>
|
||||
<p>He answered nothing.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Are you ready to go on and write now? Are your eyes recovered? Could you copy a small paper for me this morning? or help examine a few lines? or step round to the post-office? In a word, will you do any thing at all, to give a coloring to your refusal to depart the premises?"</p>
|
||||
<p>He silently retired into his hermitage.</p>
|
||||
<p>I was now in such a state of nervous resentment that I thought it but prudentto check myself at present from further demonstrations. Bartleby and I were alone. I remembered the tragedy of the unfortunate Adams and the still more unfortunate Colt in the solitary office of the latter; and how poor Colt, being dreadfully incensed by Adams, and imprudently permitting himself to get wildly excited, was at unawares hurried into his fatal act--an act which certainly no man could possibly deplore more than the actor himself. Often it had occurred to me in my ponderings upon the subject, that had that altercation taken place in the public street, or at a private residence, it would not have terminated as it did. It was the circumstance of being alone in a solitary office, up stairs, of a building entirely unhallowed by humanizing domestic associations--an uncarpeted office, doubtless of a dusty, haggard sort of appearance;--this it must have been, which greatly helped to enhance the irritable desperation of the hapless Colt.</p>
|
||||
<p>But when this old Adam of resentment rose in me and tempted me concerning Bartleby, I grappled him and threw him. How? Why, simply by recalling the divine injunction: "A new commandment give I unto you, that ye love one another." Yes, this it was that saved me. Aside from higher considerations, charity often operates as a vastly wise and prudent principle--a great safeguard to its possessor. Men have committed murder for jealousy's sake, and anger's sake, and hatred's sake, and selfishness' sake, and spiritual pride's sake; but no man that ever I heard of, ever committed a diabolical murder for sweet charity's sake. Mere self-interest, then, if no better motive can be enlisted, should, especially with high-tempered men, prompt all beings to charity and philanthropy. At any rate, upon the occasion in question, I strove to drown my exasperated feelings towards the scrivener by benevolently construing his conduct. Poor fellow, poor fellow! thought I, he don't mean any thing; and besides, he has seen hard times, and ought to be indulged.</p>
|
||||
<p>I endeavored also immediately to occupy myself, and at the same time to comfort my despondency.I tried to fancy that in the course of the morning, at such time as might prove agreeable to him, Bartleby, of his own free accord, would emerge from his hermitage, and take up some decided line of march in the direction of the door. But no. Half-past twelve o'clock came; Turkey began to glow in the face, overturn his inkstand, and become generally obstreperous; Nippers abated down into quietude and courtesy; Ginger Nut munched his noon apple; and Bartleby remained standing at his window in one of his profoundest deadwall reveries. Will it be credited? Ought I to acknowledge it? That afternoon I left the office without saying one further word to him.</p>
|
||||
<p>Some days now passed, during which, at leisure intervals I looked a little into Edwards on the Will," and "Priestly on Necessity." Under the circumstances, those books induced a salutary feeling. Gradually I slid into the persuasion that these troubles of mine touching the scrivener, had been all predestinated from eternity, and Bartleby was billeted upon me for some mysterious purpose of an all-wise Providence, which it was not for a mere mortal like me to fathom. Yes, Bartleby, stay there behind your screen, thought I; I shall persecute you no more; you are harmless and noiseless as any of these old chairs; in short, I never feel so private as when I know you are here. At least I see it, I feel it; I penetrate to the predestinated purpose of my life. I am content. Others may have loftier parts to enact; but my mission in this world, Bartleby, is to furnish you with office-room for such period as you may see fit to remain.</p>
|
||||
<p>I believe that this wise and blessed frame of mind would have continued with me, had it not been for the unsolicited and uncharitable remarks obtruded upon me by my professional friends who visited the rooms. But thus it often is, that the constant friction of illiberal minds wears out at last the best resolves of the more generous. Though to be sure, when I reflected upon it, it was not strange that people entering my office should be struck by the peculiar aspect of the unaccountable Bartleby, and so be tempted to throw out some sinister observations concerning him. Sometimes an attorney having business with me, and calling at my office, and finding no one but the scrivener there, would undertake to obtain some sort of precise information from him touching my whereabouts; but without heeding his idle talk, Bartleby would remain standing immovable in the middle of the room. So after contemplating him in that position for a time, the attorney would depart, no wiser than he came.</p>
|
||||
<p>Also, when a Reference was going on, and the room full of lawyers and witnesses and business was driving fast; some deeply occupied legal gentleman present, seeing Bartleby wholly unemployed, would request him to run round to his (the legal gentleman's) office and fetch some papers for him. Thereupon, Bartleby would tranquilly decline, and remain idle as before. Then the lawyer would give a great stare, and turn to me. And what could I say? At last I was made aware that all through the circle of my professional acquaintance, a whisper of wonder was running round, having reference to the strange creature I kept at my office. This worried me very much. And as the idea came upon me of his possibly turning out a long-lived man, and keep occupying my chambers, and denying my authority; and perplexing my visitors; and scandalizing my professional reputation; and casting a general gloom over the premises; keeping soul and body together to the last upon his savings (for doubtless he spent but half a dime a day), and in the end perhaps outlive me, and claim possession of my office by right of his perpetual occupancy: as all these dark anticipations crowded upon me more and more, and my friends continually intruded their relentless remarks upon the apparition in my room; a great change was wrought in me. I resolved to gather all my faculties together, and for ever rid me of this intolerable incubus.</p>
|
||||
<p>Ere revolving any complicated project, however, adapted to this end, I first simply suggested to Bartleby the propriety of his permanent departure. In a calm and serious tone, I commended the idea to his careful and mature consideration. But having taken three days to meditate upon it, he apprised me that his original determination remained the same; in short, that he still preferred to abide with me.</p>
|
||||
<p>What shall I do? I now said to myself, buttoning up my coat to the last button. What shall I do? what ought I to do? what does conscience say I should do with this man, or rather ghost. Rid myself of him, I must; go, he shall. But how? You will not thrust him, the poor, pale, passive mortal,--you will not thrust such a helpless creature out of your door? you will not dishonor yourself by such cruelty? No, I will not, I cannot do that. Rather would I let him live and die here, and then mason up his remains in the wall. What then will you do? For all your coaxing, he will not budge. Bribes he leaves under your own paperweight on your table; in short, it is quite plain that he prefers to cling to you.</p>
|
||||
<p>Then something severe, something unusual must be done. What! surely you will not have him collared by a constable, and commit his innocent pallor to the common jail? And upon what ground could you procure such a thing to be done?--a vagrant, is he? What! he a vagrant, a wanderer, who refuses to budge? It is because he will not be a vagrant, then, that you seek to count him as a vagrant. That is too absurd. No visible means of support: there I have him. Wrong again: for indubitably he does support himself, and that is the only unanswerable proof that any man can show of his possessing the means so to do. No more then. Since he will not quit me, I must quit him. I will change my offices; I will move elsewhere; and give him fair notice, that if I find him on my new premises I will then proceed against him as a common trespasser.</p>
|
||||
<p>Acting accordingly, next day I thus addressed him: "I find these chambers too far from the City Hall; the air is unwholesome. In a word, I propose to remove my offices next week, and shall no longer require your services. I tell you this now, in order that you may seek another place."</p>
|
||||
<p>He made no reply, and nothing more was said.</p>
|
||||
<p>On the appointed day I engaged carts and men, proceeded to my chambers, and having but little furniture, every thing was removed in a few hours. Throughout, the scrivener remained standing behind the screen, which I directed to be removed the last thing. It was withdrawn; and being folded up like a huge folio, left him the motionless occupant of a naked room. I stood in the entry watching him a moment, while something from within me upbraided me.</p>
|
||||
<p>I re-entered, with my hand in my pocket--and--and my heart in my mouth. </p>
|
||||
<p>"Good-bye, Bartleby; I am going--good-bye, and God some way bless you; and take that," slipping something in his hand. But it dropped to the floor, and then,--strange to say--I tore myself from him whom I had so longed to be rid of.</p>
|
||||
<p>Established in my new quarters, for a day or two I kept the door locked, and started at every footfall in the passages. When I returned to my rooms after any little absence, I would pause at the threshold for an instant, and attentively listen, ere applying my key. But these fears were needless. Bartleby never came nigh me.</p>
|
||||
<p>I thought all was going well, when a perturbed looking stranger visited me, inquiring whether I was the person who had recently occupied rooms at No.--Wall-street.</p>
|
||||
<p>Full of forebodings, I replied that I was.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Then, sir," said the stranger, who proved a lawyer, "you are responsible for the man you left there. He refuses to do any copying; he refuses to do any thing; he says he prefers not to; and he refuses to quit the premises."</p>
|
||||
<p>"I am very sorry, sir," said I, with assumed tranquillity, but an inward tremor, "but, really, the man you allude to is nothing to me --he is no relation or apprentice of mine, that you should hold me responsible for him."</p>
|
||||
<p>"In mercy's name, who is he?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"I certainly cannot inform you. I know nothing about him. Formerly I employed him as a copyist; but he has done nothing for me now for some time past."</p>
|
||||
<p>"I shall settle him then,--good morning, sir."</p>
|
||||
<p>Several days passed, and I heard nothing more; and though I often felt a charitable prompting to call at the place and see poor Bartleby, yet a certain squeamishness of I know not what withheld me.</p>
|
||||
<p>All is over with him, by this time, thought I at last, when through another week no further intelligence reached me. But coming to my room the day after, I found several persons waiting at my door in a high state of nervous excitement.</p>
|
||||
<p>"That's the man--here he comes," cried the foremost one, whom recognized as the lawyer who had previously called upon me alone.</p>
|
||||
<p>"You must take him away, sir, at once," cried a portly person among them, advancing upon me, and whom I knew to be the landlord of No.--Wall-street. "These gentlemen, my tenants, cannot stand it any longer; Mr. B--" pointing to the lawyer, "has turned him out of his room, and he now persists in haunting the buildinggenerally, sitting upon the banisters of the stairs by day, and sleeping in the entry by night. Every body is concerned; clients are leaving the offices; some fears are entertained of a mob; something you must do, and that without delay."</p>
|
||||
<p> Aghast at this torment, I fell back before it, and would fain have locked myselfin my new quarters. In vain I persisted that Bartleby was nothing to me--no more than to any one else. In vain:--I was the last person known to have any thing to do with him, and they held me to the terrible account. Fearful then of being exposed in the papers (as one person present obscurely threatened) I considered the matter, and at length said, that if the lawyer would give me a confidential interview with the scrivener, in his (the lawyer's) own room, I would that afternoon strive my best to rid them of the nuisance they complained of.</p>
|
||||
<p>Going up stairs to my old haunt, there was Bartleby silently sitting upon the banister at the landing.</p>
|
||||
<p>"What are you doing here, Bartleby?" said I.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Sitting upon the banister," he mildly replied.</p>
|
||||
<p>I motioned him into the lawyer's room, who then left us.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Bartleby," said I, "are you aware that you are the cause of great tribulation to me, by persisting in occupying the entry after being dismissed from the office?"</p>
|
||||
<p>No answer.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Now one of two things must take place. Either you must do something or something must be done to you. Now what sort of business would you like to engage in? Would you like to re-engage in copying for some one?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"No; I would prefer not to make any change."</p>
|
||||
<p>"Would you like a clerkship in a dry-goods store?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"There is too much confinement about that. No, I would not like a clerkship; but I am not particular."</p>
|
||||
<p>"Too much confinement," I cried, "why you keep yourself confined all the time!"</p>
|
||||
<p>"I would prefer not to take a clerkship," he rejoined, as if to settle that little item at once.</p>
|
||||
<p>"How would a bar-tender's business suit you? There is no trying of the eyesight in that."</p>
|
||||
<p>"I would not like it at all; though, as I said before, I am not particular."</p>
|
||||
<p>His unwonted wordiness inspirited me. I returned to the charge.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Well then, would you like to travel through the country collecting bills for the merchants? That would improve your health."</p>
|
||||
<p>"No, I would prefer to be doing something else."</p>
|
||||
<p>"How then would going as a companion to Europe, to entertain some young gentleman with your conversation,--how would that suit you?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"Not at all. It does not strike me that there is any thing definite about that. I like to be stationary. But I am not particular.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Stationary you shall be then," I cried, now losing all patience, and for the first time in all my exasperating connection with him fairly flying into a passion. "If you do not go away from these premises before night, I shall feel bound--indeed I am bound--to-- to--to quit the premises myself!" I rather absurdly concluded, knowing not with what possible threat to try to frighten his immobility into compliance. Despairing of all further efforts, I was precipitately leaving him, when a final thought occurred to me--one which had not been wholly unindulged before. </p>
|
||||
<p>"Bartleby," said I, in the kindest tone I could assume under such exciting circumstances, "will you go home with me now--not to my office, but my dwelling--and remain there till we can conclude upon some convenient arrangement for you at our leisure? Come, let us start now, right away."</p>
|
||||
<p>"No: at present I would prefer not to make any change at all."</p>
|
||||
<p>I answered nothing; but effectualy dodging every one by the suddenness and rapidity of my flight, rushed from the building, ran up Wall-street towards Broadway, and jumping into the first omnibus was soon removed from pursuit. As soon as tranquility returned I distinctly perceived that I had now done all that I possibly could, both in respect to the demands of the landlord and his tenants, and with regard to my own desire and sense of duty, to benefit Bartleby, and shield him from rude persecution. I now strove to be entirely care-free and quiescent; and my conscience justified me in the attempt; though indeed it was not so successful as I could have wished. So fearful was I of being again hunted out by the incensed landlord and his exasperated tenants, that, surrendering my business to Nippers, for a few days I drove about the upper part of the town and through the suburbs, in my rockaway; crossed over to Jersey City and Hoboken, and paid fugitive visits to Manhattanville and Astoria. In fact I almost lived in my rockaway for the time.</p>
|
||||
<p>When again I entered my office, lo, a note from the landlord lay upon desk. opened it with trembling hands. informed me that writer had sent to police, and Bartleby removed the Tombs as a vagrant. Moreover, since I knew more about him than any one else, he wished me to appear at that place, and make a suitable statement of the facts. These tidings had a conflicting effect upon me. At first I was indignant; but at last almost approved. The landlord's energetic, summary disposition, had led him to adopt a procedure which I do not think I would have decided upon myself; and yet as a last resort, under such peculiar circumstances, it seemed the only plan.</p>
|
||||
<p>As I afterwards learned, the poor scrivener, when told that he must be conducted to the Tombs, offered not the slightest obstacle, but in his pale unmoving way, silently acquiesced. </p>
|
||||
<p>Some of the compassionate and curious bystanders joined the party; and headed by one of the constables arm in arm with Bartleby, the silent procession filed its way through all the noise, and heat, and joy of the roaring thoroughfares at noon.</p>
|
||||
<p>The same day I received the note I went to the Tombs, or to speak more properly, the Halls of Justice. Seeking the right officer, I stated the purpose of my call, and was informed that the individual I described was indeed within. I then assured the functionary that Bartleby was a perfectly honest man, and greatly to be compassionated, however unaccountably eccentric. I narrated all I knew,and closed by suggesting the idea of letting him remain in as indulgent confinement as possible till something less harsh might be done--though indeed I hardly knew what. At all events, if nothing else could be decided upon, the alms-house must receive him. I then begged to have an interview.</p>
|
||||
<p>Being under no disgraceful charge, and quite serene and harmless in all his ways, they had permitted him freely to wander about the prison, and especially in the inclosed grass-platted yards thereof. And so I found him there, standing all alone in the quietest of the yards, his face towards a high wall, while all around, from the narrow slits of the jail windows, I thought I saw peering out upon him the eyes of murderers and thieves. </p>
|
||||
<p>"Bartleby!"</p>
|
||||
<p>"I know you," he said, without looking round,--"and I want nothing to say to you."</p>
|
||||
<p>"It was not I that brought you here, Bartleby," said I, keenly pained at his implied suspicion. "And to you, this should not be so vile a place. Nothing reproachful attaches to you by being here. And see, it is not so sad a place as one might think. Look, there is the sky, and here is the grass."</p>
|
||||
<p>"I know where I am," he replied, but would say nothing more, and so I left him.</p>
|
||||
<p>As I entered the corridor again, a broad meat-like man in an apron, accosted me, and jerking his thumb over his shoulder said--"Is that your friend?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"Yes."</p>
|
||||
<p>"Does he want to starve? If he does, let him live on the prison fare, that's all.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Who are you?" asked I, not knowing what to make of such an unofficially speaking person in such a place.</p>
|
||||
<p>"I am the grub-man. Such gentlemen as have friends here, hire me to provide them with something good to eat."</p>
|
||||
<p>"Is this so?" said I, turning to the turnkey.</p>
|
||||
<p>He said it was.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Well then," said I, slipping some silver into the grub-man's hands (for so they called him). "I want you to give particular attention to my friend there; let him have the best dinner you can get. And you must be as polite to him as possible."</p>
|
||||
<p>"Introduce me, will you?" said the grub-man, looking at me with an expression which seemed to say he was all impatience for an opportunity to give a specimen of his breeding.</p>
|
||||
<p>Thinking it would prove of benefit to the scrivener, I acquiesced; and asking the grub-man his name, went up with him to Bartleby.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Bartleby, this is a friend; you will find him very useful to you."</p>
|
||||
<p>"Your sarvant, sir, your sarvant," said the grub-man, making a low salutation behind his apron. "Hope you find it pleasant here, sir;--spacious grounds--cool apartments, sir--hope you'll stay with us some time--try to make it agreeable. What will you have for dinner today?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"I prefer not to dine to-day," said Bartleby, turning away. "It would disagree with me; I am unused to dinners." So saying he slowly moved to the other side of the inclosure, and took up a position fronting the dead-wall.</p>
|
||||
<p>"How's this?" said the grub-man, addressing me with a stare of astonishment. "He's odd, aint he?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"I think he is a little deranged," said I, sadly.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Deranged? deranged is it? Well now, upon my word, I thought that friend of yourn was a gentleman forger; they are always pale and genteel-like, them forgers. I can't help pity 'em--can't help it, sir. Did you know Monroe Edwards?" he added touchingly, and paused. Then, laying his hand pityingly on my shoulder, sighed, "he died of consumption at Sing-Sing. so you weren't acquainted with Monroe?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"No, I was never socially acquainted with any forgers. But I cannot stop longer. Look to my friend yonder. You will not lose by it. I will see you again."</p>
|
||||
<p>Some few days after this, I again obtained admission to the Tombs, and went through the corridors in quest of Bartleby; but without finding him.</p>
|
||||
<p>"I saw him coming from his cell not long ago," said a turnkey, "may be he's gone to loiter in the yards."</p>
|
||||
<p>So I went in that direction.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Are you looking for the silent man?" said another turnkey passing me. "Yonder he lies--sleeping in the yard there. 'Tis not twenty minutes since I saw him lie down."</p>
|
||||
<p>The yard was entirely quiet. It was not accessible to the common prisoners. The surrounding walls, of amazing thickness, kept off all sound behind them. The Egyptian character of the masonry weighed upon me with its gloom. But a soft imprisoned turf grew under foot. The heart of the eternal pyramids, it seemed, wherein, by some strange magic, through the clefts, grass-seed, dropped by birds, had sprung.</p>
|
||||
<p>Strangely huddled at the base of the wall, his knees drawn up, and lying on his side, his head touching the cold stones, I saw the wasted Bartleby. But nothing stirred. I paused; then went close up to him; stooped over, and saw that his dim eyes were open; otherwise he seemed profoundly sleeping. Something prompted me to touch him. I felt his hand, when a tingling shiver ran up my arm and down my spine to my feet.</p>
|
||||
<p>The round face of the grub-man peered upon me now. "His dinner is ready. Won't he dine to-day, either? Or does he live without dining?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"Lives without dining," said I, and closed the eyes.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Eh!--He's asleep, aint he?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"With kings and counsellors," murmured I.</p>
|
||||
<p>* * * * * * * *</p>
|
||||
<p>There would seem little need for proceeding further in this history. Imagination will readily supply the meagre recital of poor Bartleby's interment. But ere parting with the reader, let me say, that if this little narrative has sufficiently interested him, to awaken curiosity as to who Bartleby was, and what manner of life he led prior to the present narrator's making his acquaintance, I can only reply, that in such curiosity I fully share, but am wholly unable to gratify it. Yet here I hardly know whether I should divulge one little item of rumor, which came to my ear a few months after the scrivener's decease. Upon what basis it rested, I could never ascertain; and hence how true it is I cannot now tell. But inasmuch as this vague report has not been without a certain strange suggestive interest to me, however said, it may prove the same with some others; and so I will briefly mention it. The report was this: that Bartleby had been a subordinate clerk in the Dead Letter Office at <a href="http://raven.cc.ukans.edu/%7Ezeke/bartleby/parker.html" target="_blank">Washington</a>, from which he had been suddenly removed by a change in the administration. When I think over this rumor, I cannot adequately express the emotions which seize me. Dead letters! does it not sound like dead men? Conceive a man by nature and misfortune prone to a pallid hopelessness, can any business seem more fitted to heighten it than that of continually handling these dead letters and assorting them for the flames? For by the cart-load they are annually burned. Sometimes from out the folded paper the pale clerk takes a ring:--the bank-note sent in swiftest charity:--he whom it would relieve, nor eats nor hungers any more; pardon for those who died despairing; hope for those who died unhoping; good tidings for those who died stifled by unrelieved calamities. On errands of life, these letters speed to death. </p>
|
||||
<p> Ah Bartleby! Ah humanity!</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<h3>Study Webtext</h3>
|
||||
<h2><span face="Lucida Handwriting " color="Maroon
|
||||
">"Bartleby the Scrivener: A Story of Wall-Street " </span>(1853) <br /> Herman Melville</h2>
|
||||
<h2><a href="http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/webtexts/bartleby.html" target="_blank "><img src="http://fakehost/test/hmhome.gif" alt="To the story text without notes
|
||||
" height="38 " width="38 " /></a>
|
||||
</h2>
|
||||
<h3>Prepared by <a href="http://www.vcu.edu/engweb">Ann Woodlief,</a> Virginia Commonwealth University</h3>
|
||||
<h5>Click on text in red for hypertext notes and questions</h5> I am a rather elderly man. The nature of my avocations for the last thirty years has brought me into more than ordinary contact with what would seem an interesting and somewhat singular set of men of whom as yet nothing that I know of has ever been written:-- I mean the law-copyists or scriveners. I have known very many of them, professionally and privately, and if I pleased, could relate divers histories, at which good-natured gentlemen might smile, and sentimental souls might weep. But I waive the biographies of all other scriveners for a few passages in the life of Bartleby, who was a scrivener the strangest I ever saw or heard of. While of other law-copyists I might write the complete life, of Bartleby nothing of that sort can be done. I believe that no materials exist for a full and satisfactory biography of this man. It is an irreparable loss to literature. Bartleby was one of those beings of whom nothing is ascertainable, except from the original sources, and in his case those are very small. What my own astonished eyes saw of Bartleby, that is all I know of him, except, indeed, one vague report which will appear in the sequel. <p>Ere introducing the scrivener, as he first appeared to me, it is fit I make some mention of myself, my employees, my business, my chambers, and general surroundings; because some such description is indispensable to an adequate understanding of the chief character about to be presented. </p>
|
||||
<p> <i>Imprimis</i>: I am a man who, from his youth upwards, has been filled with a profound conviction that the easiest way of life is the best.. Hence, though I belong to a profession proverbially energetic and nervous, even to turbulence, at times, yet nothing of that sort have I ever suffered to invade my peace. I am one of those unambitious lawyers who never addresses a jury, or in any way draws down public applause; but in the cool tranquillity of a snug retreat, do a snug business among rich men's bonds and mortgages and title-deeds. The late John Jacob Astor, a personage little given to poetic enthusiasm, had no hesitation in pronouncing my first grand point to be prudence; my next, method. I do not speak it in vanity, but simply record the fact, that I was not unemployed in my profession by the last John Jacob Astor; a name which, I admit, I love to repeat, for it hath a rounded and orbicular sound to it, and rings like unto bullion. I will freely add, that I was not insensible to the late John Jacob Astor's good opinion.</p>
|
||||
<p>Some time prior to the period at which this little history begins, my avocations had been largely increased. The good old office, now extinct in the State of New York, of a Master in Chancery, had been conferred upon me. It was not a very arduous office, but very pleasantly remunerative. I seldom lose my temper; much more seldom indulge in dangerous indignation at wrongs and outrages; but I must be permitted to be rash here and declare, that I consider the sudden and violent abrogation of the office of Master of Chancery, by the new Constitution, as a----premature act; inasmuch as I had counted upon a life-lease of the profits, whereas I only received those of a few short years. But this is by the way.</p>
|
||||
<p>My chambers were up stairs at No.--Wall-street. At one end they looked upon the white wall of the interior of a spacious sky-light shaft, penetrating the building from top to bottom. This view might have been considered rather tame than otherwise, deficient in what landscape painters call "life." But if so, the view from the other end of my chambers offered, at least, a contrast, if nothing more. In that direction my windows commanded an unobstructed view of a lofty brick wall,black by age and everlasting shade; which wall required no spy-glass to bring out its lurking beauties, but for the benefit of all near-sighted spectators, was pushed up to within ten feet of my window panes. Owing to the great height of the surrounding buildings, and my chambers being on the second floor, the interval between this wall and mine not a little resembled a huge square cistern.</p>
|
||||
<p>At the period just preceding the advent of Bartleby, I had two persons as copyists in my employment, and a promising lad as an office-boy. First, Turkey; second, Nippers; third, Ginger Nut.These may seem names, the like of which are not usually found in the Directory. In truth they were nicknames, mutually conferred upon each other by my three clerks, and were deemed expressive of their respective persons or characters. Turkey was a short, pursy Englishman of about my own age, that is, somewhere not far from sixty. In the morning, one might say, his face was of a fine florid hue, but after twelve o'clock, meridian-- his dinner hour-- it blazed like a grate full of Christmas coals; and continued blazing--but, as it were, with a gradual wane--till 6 o'clock, P.M. or thereabouts, after which I saw no more of the proprietor of the face, which gaining its meridian with the sun, seemed to set with it, to rise, culminate, and decline the following day, with the like regularity and undiminished glory. There are many singular coincidences I have known in the course of my life, not the least among which was the fact that exactly when Turkey displayed his fullest beams from his red and radiant countenance, just then, too, at the critical moment, began the daily period when I considered his business capacities as seriously disturbed for the remainder of the twenty-four hours. Not that he was absolutely idle, or averse to business then; far from it. The difficulty was, he was apt to be altogether too energetic. There was a strange, inflamed, flurried, flighty recklessness of activity about him. He would be incautious in dipping his pen into his inkstand. All his blots upon my documents, were dropped there after twelve o'clock, meridian. Indeed, not only would he be reckless and sadly given to making blots in the afternoon, but some days he went further, and was rather noisy. At such times, too, his face flamed with augmented blazonry, as if cannel coal had been heaped on anthracite. He made an unpleasant racket with his chair; spilled his sand-box; in mending his pens, impatiently split them all to pieces, and threw them on the floor in a sudden passion; stood up and leaned over his table, boxing his papers about in a most indecorous manner, very sad to behold in an elderly manlike him. Nevertheless, as he was in many ways a most valuable person to me, and all the time before twelve o'clock, meridian, was the quickest, steadiest creature too, accomplishing a great deal of work in a style not easy to be matched--for these reasons, I was willingto overlook his eccentricities, though indeed, occasionally, I remonstrated with him. I did this very gently, however, because, though the civilest, nay, the blandest and most reverential of men in the morning, yet in the afternoon he was disposed, upon provocation, to be slightly rash with his tongue, in fact, insolent. Now, valuing his morning services as I did, and resolved not to lose them; yet, at the same time made uncomfortable by his inflamed ways after twelve o'clock; and being a man of peace, unwilling by my admonitions to call forth unseemingly retorts from him; I took upon me, one Saturday noon (he was always worse on Saturdays), to hint to him, very kindly, that perhaps now that he was growing old, it might be well to abridge his labors; in short, he need not come to my chambers after twelve o'clock, but, dinner over, had best go home to his lodgings and rest himself till tea-time. But no; he insisted upon his afternoon devotions. His countenance became intolerably fervid, as he oratorically assured me--gesticulating with a long ruler at the other end of the room--that if his services in the morning were useful, how indispensible, then, in the afternoon?</p>
|
||||
<p>"With submission, sir," said Turkey on this occasion, "I consider myself your right-hand man. In the morning I but marshal and deploy my columns; but in the afternoon I put myself at their head, and gallantly charge the foe, thus!"--and he made a violent thrust with the ruler.</p>
|
||||
<p>"But the blots, Turkey," intimated I.</p>
|
||||
<p>"True,--but, with submission, sir, behold these hairs! I am getting old. Surely, sir, a blot or two of a warm afternoon is not the page--is honorable. With submission, sir, we both are getting old."</p>
|
||||
<p>This appeal to my fellow-feeling was hardly to be resisted. At all events, I saw that go he would not. So I made up my mind to let him stay, resolving, nevertheless, to see to it, that during the afternoon he had to do with my less important papers.</p>
|
||||
<p>Nippers, the second on my list, was a whiskered, sallow, and, upon the whole, rather piratical-looking young man of about five and twenty. I always deemed him the victim of two evil powers-- ambition and indigestion. The ambition was evinced by a certain impatience of the duties of a mere copyist, an unwarrantable usurpation of strictly profession affairs, such as the original drawing up of legal documents. The indigestion seemed betokened in an occasional nervous testiness and grinning irritability, causing the teeth to audibly grind together over mistakes committed in copying; unnecessary maledictions, hissed, rather than spoken, in the heat of business; and especially by a continual discontent with the height of the table where he worked. Though of a very ingenious mechanical turn, Nippers could never get this table to suit him. He put chips under it, blocks of various sorts, bits of pasteboard, and at last went so far as to attempt an exquisite adjustment by final pieces of folded blotting-paper. But no invention would answer. If, for the sake of easing his back, he brought the table lid at a sharp angle well up towards his chin, and wrote there like a man using the steep roof of a Dutch house for his desk:--then he declared that it stopped the circulation in his arms. If now he lowered the table to his waistbands, and stooped over it in writing, then there was a sore aching in his back. In short, the truth of the matter was, Nippers knew not what he wanted. Or, if he wanted anything, it was to be rid of a scrivener's table altogether. Among the manifestations of his diseased ambition was a fondness he had for receiving visits from certain ambiguous-looking fellows in seedy coats, whom he called his clients. Indeed I was aware that not only was he, at times, considerable of a ward-politician, but he occasionally did a little businessat the Justices' courts, and was not unknown on the steps of the Tombs. I have good reason to believe, however, that one individual who called upon him at my chambers, and who, with a grand air, he insisted was his client, was no other than a dun, and the alleged title-deed, a bill. But with all his failings, and the annoyances he caused me, Nippers, like his compatriot Turkey, was a very useful man to me; wrote a neat, swift hand; and, when he chose, was not deficient in a gentlemanly sort of deportment. Added to this, he always dressedin a gentlemanly sort of way; and so, incidentally, reflected credit upon my chambers. Whereas with respect to Turkey, I had much ado to keep him from being a reproach to me. His clothes were apt to look oily and smell of eating-houses. He wore his pantaloons very loose and baggy in summer. His coats were execrable; his hat not to be handled. But while the hat was a thing of indifference to me, inasmuch as his natural civility and deference, as a dependent Englishman, always led him to doff it the moment he entered the room, yet his coat was another matter. Concerning his coats, I reasoned with him; but with no effect. The truth was, I suppose, that a man with so small an income, could not afford to sport such a lustrous face and a lustrous coat at one and the same time. As Nippers once observed, Turkey's money went chiefly for red ink. One winter day I presented Turkey with a highly-respectable looking coat of my own, a padded gray coat, of a most comfortable warmth, and which buttoned straight up from the knee to the neck. I thought Turkey would appreciate the favor, and abate his rashness and obstreperousness of afternoons. But no. I verily believe that buttoning himself up in so downy and blanket-like a coat had a pernicious effect upon him; upon the same principle that too much oats are bad for horses. In fact, precisely as a rash, restive horse is said to feel his oats, so Turkey felt his coat. It made him insolent. He was a man whom prosperity harmed.</p>
|
||||
<p>Though concerning the self-indulgent habits of Turkey I had my own private surmises, yet touching Nippers I was well persuaded that whatever might be his faults in other respects, he was, at least, a temperate young man. But indeed, nature herself seemed to have been his vintner, and at his birth charged him so thoroughly with an irritable, brandy-like disposition, that all subsequent potations were needless. When I consider how, amid the stillness of my chambers, Nippers would sometimes impatiently rise from his seat, and stooping over his table, spread his arms wide apart, seize the whole desk, and move it, and jerk it, with a grim, grinding motion on the floor, as if the table were a perverse voluntary agent, intent on thwarting and vexing him; I plainly perceive that for Nippers, brandy and water were altogether superfluous.</p>
|
||||
<p>It was fortunate for me that, owing to its course--indigestion--the irritability and consequent nervousness of Nippers, were mainly observable in the morning, while in the afternoon he was comparatively mild. So that Turkey's paroxysms only coming on about twelve o'clock, I never had to do with their eccentricities at one time. Their fits relieved each other like guards. When Nippers' was on, Turkey's was off, and vice versa. This was a good natural arrangement under the circumstances.</p>
|
||||
<p>Ginger Nut, the third on my list, was a lad some twelve years old. His father was a carman, ambitious of seeing his son on the bench instead of a cart, before he died. So he sent him to my office as a student at law, errand boy, and cleaner and sweeper, at the rate of one dollar a week. He had a little desk to himself, but he did not use it much. Upon inspection, the drawer exhibited a great array of the shells of various sorts of nuts. Indeed, to this quick-witted youth the whole noble science of the law was contained in a nut-shell. Not the least among the employments of Ginger Nut, as well as one which he discharged with the most alacrity, was his duty as cake and apple purveyor for Turkey and Nippers. Copying law papers being proverbially a dry, husky sort of business, my two scriveners were fain to moisten their mouths very often with Spitzenbergs to be had at the numerous stalls nigh the Custom House and Post Office. Also, they sent Ginger Nut very frequently for that peculiar cake--small, flat, round, and very spicy--after which he had been named by them. Of a cold morning when business was but dull, Turkey would gobble up scores of these cakes, as if they were mere wafers--indeed they sell them at the rate of six or eight for a penny--the scrape of his pen blending with the crunching of the crisp particles in his mouth. Of all the fiery afternoon blunders and flurried rashnesses of Turkey, was his once moistening a ginger-cake between his lips, and clapping it on to a mortgage for a seal. I came within an ace of dismissing him then. But he mollified me by making an oriental bow, and saying--"With submission, sir, it was generous of me to find you in stationery on my own account."</p>
|
||||
<p>Now my original business--that of a conveyancer and title hunter, and drawer-up of recondite documents of all sorts--was considerably increased by receiving the master's office. There was now great work for scriveners. Not only must I push the clerks already with me, but I must have additional help. In answer to my advertisement, a motionless young man one morning, stood upon my office threshold, the door being open, for it was summer. I can see that figure now--pallidly neat, pitiably respectable, incurably forlorn! It was Bartleby.</p>
|
||||
<p>After a few words touching his qualifications, I engaged him, glad to have among my corps of copyists a man of so singularly sedate an aspect, which I thought might operate beneficially upon the flighty temper of Turkey, and the fiery one of Nippers.</p>
|
||||
<p>I should have stated before that ground glass folding-doors divided my premises into two parts, one of which was occupied by my scriveners, the other by myself. According to my humor I threw open these doors, or closed them. I resolved to assign Bartleby a corner by the folding-doors, but on my side of them, so as to have this quiet man within easy call, in case any trifling thing was to be done. I placed his desk close up to a small side window in that part of the room, a window which originally had afforded a lateral view of certain grimy back-yards and bricks, but which, owing to subsequent erections, commanded at present no view at all, though it gave some light. Within three feet of the panes was a wall, and the light came down from far above, between two lofty buildings, as from a very small opening in a dome. Still further to a satisfactory arrangement, I procured a high green folding screen, which might entirely isolate Bartleby from my sight, though not remove him from my voice. And thus, in a manner, privacy and society were conjoined. </p>
|
||||
<p>At first Bartleby did an extraordinary quantity of writing. As if long famishingfor something to copy, he seemed to gorge himself on my documents. There was no pause for digestion. He ran a day and night line, copying by sun-light and by candle-light. I should have been quite delighted with his application, had be been cheerfully industrious. But he wrote on silently, palely, mechanically. </p>
|
||||
<p>It is, of course, an indispensable part of a scrivener's business to verify the accuracy of his copy, word by word. Where there are two or more scriveners in an office, they assist each other in this examination, one reading from the copy, the other holding the original. It is a very dull, wearisome, and lethargic affair. I can readily imagine that to some sanguine temperaments it would be altogether intolerable. For example, I cannot credit that the mettlesome poet Byron would have contentedly sat down with Bartleby to examine a law document of, say five hundred pages, closely written in a crimpy hand.</p>
|
||||
<p>Now and then, in the haste of business, it had been my habit to assist in comparing some brief document myself, calling Turkey or Nippers for this purpose. One object I had in placing Bartleby so handy to me behind the screen, was to avail myself of his services on such trivial occasions. It was on the third day, I think, of his being with me, and before any necessity had arisen for having his own writing examined, that, being much hurried to complete a small affair I had in hand, I abruptly called to Bartleby. In my haste and natural expectancy of instant compliance, I sat with my head bent over the original on my desk, and my right hand sideways, and somewhat nervously extended with the copy, so that immediately upon emerging from his retreat, Bartleby might snatch it and proceed to business without the least delay.</p>
|
||||
<p>In this very attitude did I sit when I called to him, rapidly stating what it was I wanted him to do--namely, to examine a small paper with me. Imagine my surprise, nay, my consternation, when without moving from his privacy, Bartleby in a singularly mild, firm voice, replied,"I would prefer not to." </p>
|
||||
<p>I sat awhile in perfect silence, rallying my stunned faculties. Immediately it occurred to me that my ears had deceived me, or Bartleby had entirely misunderstood my meaning. I repeated my request in the clearest tone I could assume. But in quite as clear a one came the previous reply, "I would prefer not to."</p>
|
||||
<p>"Prefer not to," echoed I, rising in high excitement, and crossing the room with a stride, "What do you mean? Are you moon-struck? I want you to help me compare this sheet here--take it," and I thrust it towards him.</p>
|
||||
<p>"I would prefer not to," said he.</p>
|
||||
<p>I looked at him steadfastly. His face was leanly composed; his gray eye dimly calm. Not a wrinkle of agitation rippled him. Had there been the least uneasiness, anger, impatience or impertinence in his manner; in other words, had there been any thing ordinarily human about him, doubtless I should have violently dismissed him from the premises. But as it was, I should have as soon thought of turning my pale plaster-of-paris bust of Cicero out of doors. I stood gazing at him awhile, as he went on with his own writing, and then reseated myself at my desk. This is very strange, thought I. What had one best do? But my business hurried me. I concluded to forget the matter for the present, reserving it for my future leisure. So calling Nippers from the other room, the paper was speedily examined.</p>
|
||||
<p>A few days after this, Bartleby concluded four lengthy documents, being quadruplicates of a week's testimony taken before me in my High Court of Chancery. It became necessary to examine them. It was an important suit, and great accuracy was imperative. Having all things arranged I called Turkey, Nippers and Ginger Nut from the next room, meaning to place the four copies in the hands of my four clerks, while I should read from the original. Accordingly Turkey, Nippers and Ginger Nut had taken their seats in a row, each with his document in hand, when I called to Bartleby to join this interesting group.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Bartleby! quick, I am waiting."</p>
|
||||
<p>I heard a low scrape of his chair legs on the unscraped floor, and soon he appeared standing at the entrance of his hermitage. </p>
|
||||
<p>"What is wanted?" said he mildly.</p>
|
||||
<p>"The copies, the copies," said I hurriedly. "We are going to examine them. There"--and I held towards him the fourth quadruplicate.</p>
|
||||
<p>"I would prefer not to," he said, and gently disappeared behind the screen.</p>
|
||||
<p>For a few moments I was turned into a pillar of salt, standing at the head of my seated column of clerks. Recovering myself, I advanced towards the screen, and demanded the reason for such extraordinary conduct.</p>
|
||||
<p>"<i>Why</i> do you refuse?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"I would prefer not to."</p>
|
||||
<p>With any other man I should have flown outright into a dreadful passion, scorned all further words, and thrust him ignominiously from my presence. But there was something about Bartleby that not only strangely disarmed me, but in a wonderful manner touched and disconcerted me. I began to reason with him.</p>
|
||||
<p>"These are your own copies we are about to examine. It is labor saving to you, because one examination will answer for your four papers. It is common usage. Every copyist is bound to help examine his copy. Is it not so? Will you not speak? Answer!"</p>
|
||||
<p>"I prefer not to," he replied in a flute-like tone. It seemed to me that while I had been addressing him, he carefully revolved every statement that I made; fully comprehended the meaning; could not gainsay the irresistible conclusion; but, at the same time, some paramount consideration prevailed with him to reply as he did.</p>
|
||||
<p>"You are decided, then, not to comply with my request--a request made according to common usage and common sense?"</p>
|
||||
<p>He briefly gave me to understand that on that point my judgment was sound. Yes: his decision was irreversible.</p>
|
||||
<p>It is not seldom the case that when a man is browbeaten in some unprecedented and violently unreasonable way, he begins to stagger in his own plainest faith. He begins, as it were, vaguely to surmise that, wonderful as it may be, all the justice and all the reason is on the other side. Accordingly, if any disinterested persons are present, he turns to them for some reinforcement for his own faltering mind. </p>
|
||||
<p>"Turkey," said I, "what do you think of this? Am I not right?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"With submission, sir," said Turkey, with his blandest tone, "I think that you are."</p>
|
||||
<p>"Nippers," said I, "what do<i> you</i> think of it?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"I think I should kick him out of the office."</p>
|
||||
<p>(The reader of nice perceptions will here perceive that, it being morning, Turkey's answer is couched in polite and tranquil terms, but Nippers replies in ill-tempered ones. Or, to repeat a previous sentence, Nipper's ugly mood was on duty, and Turkey's off.)</p>
|
||||
<p>"Ginger Nut," said I, willing to enlist the smallest suffrage in my behalf, "what do<i> you</i> think of it?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"I think, sir, he's a little<i> luny</i>," replied Ginger Nut, with a grin.</p>
|
||||
<p>"You hear what they say," said I, turning towards the screen, "come forth and do your duty."</p>
|
||||
<p>But he vouchsafed no reply. I pondered a moment in sore perplexity. But once more business hurried me. I determined again to postpone the consideration of this dilemma to my future leisure. With a little trouble we made out to examine the papers without Bartleby, though at every page or two, Turkey deferentially dropped his opinion that this proceeding was quite out of the common; while Nippers, twitching in his chair with a dyspeptic nervousness, ground out between his set teeth occasional hissing maledictions against the stubborn oaf behind the screen. And for his (Nipper's) part, this was the first and the last time he would do another man's business without pay.</p>
|
||||
<p>Meanwhile Bartleby sat in his hermitage, oblivious to every thing but his own peculiar business there.</p>
|
||||
<p>Some days passed, the scrivener being employed upon another lengthy work. His late remarkable conduct led me to regard his way narrowly. I observed that he never went to dinner; indeed that he never went any where. As yet I had never of my personal knowledge known him to be outside of my office. He was a perpetual sentry in the corner. At about eleven o'clock though, in the morning, I noticed that Ginger Nut would advance toward the opening in Bartleby's screen, as if silently beckoned thither by a gesture invisible to me where I sat. That boy would then leave the office jingling a few pence, and reappear with a handful of ginger-nuts which he delivered in the hermitage, receiving two of the cakes for his trouble.</p>
|
||||
<p>He lives, then, on ginger-nuts, thought I; never eats a dinner, properly speaking; he must be a vegetarian then, but no; he never eats even vegetables, he eats nothing but ginger-nuts. My mind then ran on in reveries concerning the probable effects upon the human constitution of living entirely on ginger-nuts. Ginger-nuts are so called because they contain ginger as one of their peculiar constituents, and the final flavoring one. Now what was ginger? A hot, spicy thing. Was Bartleby hot and spicy? Not at all. Ginger, then, had no effect upon Bartleby. Probably he preferred it should have none. </p>
|
||||
<p>Nothing so aggravates an earnest person as a passive resistance. If the individual so resisted be of a not inhumane temper, and the resisting one perfectly harmless in his passivity; then, in the better moods of the former, he will endeavor charitably to construe to his imagination what proves impossible to be solved by his judgment. Even so, for the most part, I regarded Bartleby and his ways. Poor fellow! thought I, he means no mischief; it is plain he intends no insolence; his aspect sufficiently evinces that his eccentricities are involuntary. He is useful to me. I can get along with him. If I turn him away, the chances are he will fall in with some less indulgent employer, and then he will be rudely treated, and perhaps driven forth miserably to starve. Yes. Here I can cheaply purchase a delicious self-approval. To befriend Bartleby; to humor him in his strange willfulness, will cost me little or nothing, while I lay up in my soul what will eventually prove a sweet morsel for my conscience. But this mood was not invariable with me. The passiveness of Bartleby sometimes irritated me. I felt strangely goaded on to encounter him in new opposition, to elicit some angry spark from him answerable to my own. But indeed I might as well have essayed to strike fire with my knuckles against a bit of Windsor soap. But one afternoon the evil impulse in me mastered me, and the following little scene ensued:</p>
|
||||
<p>"Bartleby," said I, "when those papers are all copied, I will compare them with you."</p>
|
||||
<p>"I would prefer not to."</p>
|
||||
<p>"How? Surely you do not mean to persist in that mulish vagary?"</p>
|
||||
<p>No answer.</p>
|
||||
<p>I threw open the folding-doors near by, and turning upon Turkey and Nippers, exclaimed in an excited manner--</p>
|
||||
<p>"He says, a second time, he won't examine his papers. What do you think of it, Turkey?"</p>
|
||||
<p>It was afternoon, be it remembered. Turkey sat glowing like a brass boiler, his bald head steaming, his hands reeling among his blotted papers.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Think of it?" roared Turkey; "I think I'll just step behind his screen, and black his eyes for him!"</p>
|
||||
<p>So saying, Turkey rose to his feet and threw his arms into a pugilistic position. He was hurrying away to make good his promise, when I detained him, alarmed at the effect of incautiously rousing Turkey's combativeness after dinner.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Sit down, Turkey," said I, "and hear what Nippers has to say. What do you think of it, Nippers? Would I not be justified in immediately dismissing Bartleby?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"Excuse me, that is for you to decide, sir. I think his conduct quite unusual, and indeed unjust, as regards Turkey and myself. But it may only be a passing whim."</p>
|
||||
<p>"Ah," exclaimed I, "you have strangely changed your mind then--you speak very gently of him now."</p>
|
||||
<p>"All beer," cried Turkey; "gentleness is effects of beer--Nippers and I dined together to-day. You see how gentle I am, sir. Shall I go and black his eyes?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"You refer to Bartleby, I suppose. No, not to-day, Turkey," I replied; "pray, put up your fists."</p>
|
||||
<p>I closed the doors, and again advanced towards Bartleby. I felt additional incentives tempting me to my fate. I burned to be rebelled against again. I remembered that Bartleby never left the office.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Bartleby," said I, "Ginger Nut is away; just step round to the Post Office, won't you? (it was but a three minutes walk,) and see if there is any thing for me."</p>
|
||||
<p>"I would prefer not to."</p>
|
||||
<p>"You<i> will</i> not?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"I <i>prefer</i> not."</p>
|
||||
<p>I staggered to my desk, and sat there in a deep study. My blind inveteracy returned. Was there any other thing in which I could procure myself to be ignominiously repulsed by this lean, penniless with?--my hired clerk? What added thing is there, perfectly reasonable, that he will be sure to refuse to do?</p>
|
||||
<p>"Bartleby!"</p>
|
||||
<p>No answer.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Bartleby," in a louder tone.</p>
|
||||
<p>No answer.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Bartleby," I roared.</p>
|
||||
<p>Like a very ghost, agreeably to the laws of magical invocation, at the third summons, he appeared at the entrance of his hermitage.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Go to the next room, and tell Nippers to come to me."</p>
|
||||
<p>"I prefer not to," he respectfully and slowly said, and mildly disappeared.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Very good, Bartleby," said I, in a quiet sort of serenely severe self-possessed tone, intimating the unalterable purpose of some terrible retribution very close at hand. At the moment I half intended something of the kind. But upon the whole, as it was drawing towards my dinner-hour, I thought it best to put on my hat and walk home for the day, suffering much from perplexity and distress of mind.</p>
|
||||
<p> Shall I acknowledge it? The conclusion of this whole business was that it soon became a fixed fact of my chambers, that a pale young scrivener, by the name of Bartleby, had a desk there; that he copied for me at the usual rate of four cents a folio (one hundred words); but he was permanently exempt from examining the work done by him, that duty being transferred to Turkey and Nippers, one of compliment doubtless to their superior acuteness; moreover, said Bartleby was never on any account to be dispatched on the most trivial errand of any sort; and that even if entreated to take upon him such a matter, it was generally understood that he would prefer not to--in other words, that he would refuse point-blank. </p>
|
||||
<p>32 As days passed on, I became considerably reconciled to Bartleby. His steadiness, his freedom from all dissipation, his incessant industry (except when he chose to throw himself into a standing revery behind his screen), his great stillness, his unalterableness of demeanor under all circumstances, made him a valuable acquisition. One prime thing was this,--he was always there;--first in the morning, continually through the day, and the last at night. I had a singular confidence in his honesty. I felt my most precious papers perfectly safe in his hands. Sometimes to be sure I could not, for the very soul of me, avoid falling into sudden spasmodic passions with him. For it was exceeding difficult to bear in mind all the time those strange peculiarities, privileges, and unheard of exemptions, forming the tacit stipulations on Bartleby's part under which he remained in my office. Now and then, in the eagerness of dispatching pressing business, I would inadvertently summon Bartleby, in a short, rapid tone, to put his finger, say, on the incipient tie of a bit of red tape with which I was about compressing some papers. Of course, from behind the screen the usual answer, "I prefer not to," was sure to come; and then, how could a human creature with the common infirmities of our nature, refrain from bitterly exclaiming upon such perverseness--such unreasonableness. However, every added repulse of this sort which I received only tended to lessen the probability of my repeating the inadvertence.</p>
|
||||
<p>Here is must be said, that according to the custom of most legal gentlemen occupying chambers in densely-populated law buildings, there were several keys to my door. One was kept by a woman residing in the attic, which person weekly scrubbed and daily swept and dusted my apartments. Another was kept by Turkey for convenience sake. The third I sometimes carried in my own pocket. The fourth I knew not who had.</p>
|
||||
<p>Now, one Sunday morning I happened to go to Trinity Church, to hear a celebrated preacher, and finding myself rather early on the ground, I thought I would walk round to my chambers for a while. Luckily I had my key with me; but upon applying it to the lock, I found it resisted by something inserted from the inside. Quite surprised, I called out; when to my consternation a key was turned from within; and thrusting his lean visage at me, and holding the door ajar, the apparition of Bartleby appeared, in his shirt sleeves, and otherwise in a strangely tattered dishabille, saying quietly that he was sorry, but he was deeply engaged just then, and--preferred not admitting me at present. In a brief word or two, he moreover added, that perhaps I had better walk round the block two or three times, and by that time he would probably have concluded his affairs. Now, the utterly unsurmised appearance of Bartleby, tenanting my law-chambers of a Sunday morning, with his cadaverously gentlemanly nonchalance, yet withal firm and self-possessed, had such a strange effect upon me, that incontinently I slunk away from my own door, and did as desired. But not without sundry twinges of impotent rebellion against the mild effrontery of this unaccountable scrivener. Indeed, it was his wonderful mildness chiefly, which not only disarmed me, but unmanned me, as it were. For I consider that one, for the time, is a sort of unmanned when he tranquilly permits his hired clerk to dictate to him, and order him away from his own premises. Furthermore, I was full of uneasiness as to what Bartleby could possibly be doing in my office in his shirt sleeves, and in an otherwise dismantled condition of a Sunday morning. Was any thing amiss going on? Nay, that was out of the question. It was not to be thought of for a moment that Bartleby was an immoral person. But what could he be doing there?--copying? Nay again, whatever might be his eccentricities, Bartleby was an eminently decorous person. He would be the last man to sit down to his desk in any state approaching to nudity. Besides, it was Sunday; and there was something about Bartleby that forbade the supposition that we would by any secular occupation violate the proprieties of the day.</p>
|
||||
<p>Nevertheless, my mind was not pacified; and full of a restless curiosity, at last I returned to the door. Without hindrance I inserted my key, opened it, and entered. Bartleby was not to be seen. I looked round anxiously, peeped behind his screen; but it was very plain that he was gone. Upon more closely examining the place, I surmised that for an indefinite period Bartleby must have ate, dressed, and slept in my office, and that too without plate, mirror, or bed. The cushioned seat of a rickety old sofa in one corner bore t faint impress of a lean, reclining form. Rolled away under his desk, I found a blanket; under the empty grate, a blacking box and brush; on a chair, a tin basin, with soap and a ragged towel; in a newspaper a few crumbs of ginger-nuts and a morsel of cheese. Yet, thought I, it is evident enough that Bartleby has been making his home here, keeping bachelor's hallall by himself. Immediately then the thought came sweeping across me, What miserable friendlessness and loneliness are here revealed! His poverty is great; but his solitude, how horrible! Think of it. Of a Sunday, Wall-street is deserted as Petra; and every night of every day it is an emptiness. This building too, which of week-days hums with industry and life, at nightfall echoes with sheer vacancy, and all through Sunday is forlorn. And here Bartleby makes his home; sole spectator of a solitude which he has seen all populous--a sort of innocent and transformed Marius brooding among the ruins of Carthage! </p>
|
||||
<p>For the first time in my life a feeling of overpowering stinging melancholy seized me. Before, I had never experienced aught but a not-unpleasing sadness. The bond of a common humanity now drew me irresistibly to gloom. A fraternal melancholy! For both I and Bartleby were sons of Adam. I remembered the bright silks and sparkling faces I had seen that day in gala trim, swan-like sailing down the Mississippi of Broadway; and I contrasted them with the pallid copyist, and thought to myself, Ah, happiness courts the light, so we deem the world is gay; but misery hides aloof, so we deem that misery there is none. These sad fancyings-- chimeras, doubtless, of a sick and silly brain--led on to other and more special thoughts, concerning the eccentricities of Bartleby. Presentiments of strange discoveries hovered round me. The scrivener's pale form appeared to me laid out, among uncaring strangers, in its shivering winding sheet.</p>
|
||||
<p>Suddenly I was attracted by Bartleby's closed desk, the key in open sight left in the lock.</p>
|
||||
<p> I mean no mischief, seek the gratification of no heartless curiosity, thought I; besides, the desk is mine, and its contents too, so I will make bold to look within. Every thing was methodically arranged, the papers smoothly placed. The pigeon holes were deep, and removing the files of documents, I groped into their recesses. Presently I felt something there, and dragged it out. It was an old bandanna handkerchief, heavy and knotted. I opened it, and saw it was a savings' bank.</p>
|
||||
<p>I now recalled all the quiet mysteries which I had noted in the man. I remembered that he never spoke but to answer; that though at intervals he had considerable time to himself, yet I had never seen him reading--no, not even a newspaper; that for long periods he would stand looking out, at his pale window behind the screen, upon the dead brick wall; I was quite sure he never visited any refectory or eating house; while his pale face clearly indicated that he never drank beer like Turkey, or tea and coffee even, like other men; that he never went any where in particular that I could learn; never went out for a walk, unless indeed that was the case at present; that he had declined telling who he was, or whence he came, or whether he had any relatives in the world; that though so thin and pale, he never complained of ill health. And more than all, I remembered a certain unconscious air of pallid--how shall I call it?--of pallid haughtiness, say, or rather an austere reserve about him, which had positively awed me into my tame compliance with his eccentricities, when I had feared to ask him to do the slightest incidental thing for me, even though I might know, from his long-continued motionlessness, that behind his screen he must be standing in one of those dead-wall reveries of his.</p>
|
||||
<p>Revolving all these things, and coupling them with the recently discovered fact that he made my office his constant abiding place and home, and not forgetful of his morbid moodiness; revolving all these things, a prudential feeling began to steal over me. My first emotions had been those of pure melancholy and sincerest pity; but just in proportion as the forlornness of Bartleby grew and grew to my imagination, did that same melancholy merge into fear, that pity into repulsion. So true it is, and so terrible too, that up to a certain point the thought or sight of misery enlists our best affections; but, in certain special cases, beyond that point it does not. They err who would assert that invariably this is owing to the inherent selfishness of the human heart. It rather proceeds from a certain hopelessness of remedying excessive and organic ill. To a sensitive being, pity is not seldom pain. And when at last it is perceived that such pity cannot lead to effectual succor, common sense bids the soul be rid of it. What I saw that morning persuaded me that the scrivener was the victim of innate and incurable disorder. I might give alms to his body; but his body did not pain him; it was his soul that suffered, and his soul I could not reach. </p>
|
||||
<p>I did not accomplish the purpose of going to Trinity Church that morning. Somehow, the things I had seen disqualified me for the time from church-going. I walked homeward, thinking what I would do with Bartleby. Finally, I resolvedupon this;--I would put certain calm questions to him the next morning, touching his history, &c., and if he declined to answer then openly and reservedly (and I supposed he would prefer not), then to give him a twenty dollar bill over and above whatever I might owe him, and tell him his services were no longer required; but that if in any other way I could assist him, I would be happy to do so, especially if he desired to return to his native place, wherever that might be, I would willingly help to defray the expenses. Moreover, if after reaching home, he found himself at any time in want of aid, a letter from him would be sure of a reply.</p>
|
||||
<p>The next morning came.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Bartleby," said I, gently calling to him behind the screen.</p>
|
||||
<p>No reply.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Bartleby," said I, in a still gentler tone, "come here; I am not going to ask you to do any thing you would prefer not to do--I simply wish to speak to you."</p>
|
||||
<p>Upon this he noiselessly slid into view.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Will you tell me, Bartleby, where you were born?" </p>
|
||||
<p>"I would prefer not to."</p>
|
||||
<p>"Will you tell me <i>anything </i>about yourself?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"I would prefer not to."</p>
|
||||
<p>"But what reasonable objection can you have to speak to me? I feel friendly towards you."</p>
|
||||
<p>He did not look at me while I spoke, but kept his glance fixed upon my bust of Cicero, which as I then sat, was directly behind me, some six inches above my head. "What is your answer, Bartleby?" said I, after waiting a considerable time for a reply, during which his countenance remained immovable, only there was the faintest conceivable tremor of the white attenuated mouth.</p>
|
||||
<p>"At present I prefer to give no answer," he said, and retired into his hermitage.</p>
|
||||
<p>It was rather weak in me I confess, but his manner on this occasion nettled me. Not only did there seem to lurk in it a certain disdain, but his perverseness seemed ungrateful, considering the undeniable good usage and indulgence he had received from me.</p>
|
||||
<p>Again I sat ruminating what I should do.Mortified as I was at his behavior, and resolved as I had been to dismiss him when I entered my office, nevertheless I strangely felt something superstitious knocking at my heart, and forbidding me to carry out my purpose, and denouncing me for a villain if I dared to breathe one bitter word against this forlornest of mankind. At last, familiarly drawing my chair behind his screen, I sat down and said: "Bartleby, never mind then about revealing your history; but let me entreat you, as a friend, to comply as far as may be with the usages of this office. Say now you will help to examine papers tomorrow or next day: in short, say now that in a day or two you will begin to be a little reasonable:--say so, Bartleby."</p>
|
||||
<p>"At present I would prefer not to be a little reasonable was his idly cadaverous reply.,"</p>
|
||||
<p>Just then the folding-doors opened, and Nippers approached. He seemed suffering from an unusually bad night's rest, induced by severer indigestion than common. He overheard those final words of Bartleby.</p>
|
||||
<p><i>"Prefer</i> not, eh?" gritted Nippers--"I'd<i> prefer</i> him, if I were you, sir," addressing me--"I'd <i>prefer</i> him; I'd give him preferences, the stubborn mule! What is it, sir, pray, that he <i>prefers</i> not to do now?"</p>
|
||||
<p>Bartleby moved not a limb.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Mr. Nippers," said I, "I'd prefer that you would withdraw for the present." </p>
|
||||
<p>Somehow, of late I had got into the way of involuntary using this word "prefer" upon all sorts of not exactly suitable occasions. And I trembled to think that my contact with the scrivener had already and seriously affected me in a mental way. And what further and deeper aberration might it not yet produce? This apprehension had not been without efficacy in determining me to summary means.</p>
|
||||
<p>As Nippers, looking very sour and sulky, was departing, Turkey blandly and deferentially approached.</p>
|
||||
<p>"With submission, sir," said he, "yesterday I was thinking about Bartleby here, and I think that if he would but prefer to take a quart of good ale every day, it would do much towards mending him, and enabling him to assist in examining his papers."</p>
|
||||
<p>"So you have got the word too," said I, slightly excited.</p>
|
||||
<p>"With submission, what word, sir," asked Turkey, respectfully crowding himself into the contracted space behind the screen, and by so doing, making me jostle the scrivener. "What word, sir?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"I would prefer to be left alone here," said Bartleby, as if offended at being mobbed in his privacy. </p>
|
||||
<p>"<i>That's</i> the word, Turkey," said I--<i>"that's</i> it."</p>
|
||||
<p>"Oh,<i> prefer</i> oh yes--queer word. I never use it myself. But, sir as I was saying, if he would but prefer--"</p>
|
||||
<p>"Turkey," interrupted I, "you will please withdraw."</p>
|
||||
<p>"Oh, certainly, sir, if you prefer that I should."</p>
|
||||
<p>As he opened the folding-door to retire, Nippers at his desk caught a glimpse of me, and asked whether I would prefer to have a certain paper copied on blue paper or white. He did not in the least roguishly accent the word prefer. It was plain that it involuntarily rolled from his tongue. I thought to myself, surely I must get rid of a demented man, who already has in some degree turned the tongues, if not the heads of myself and clerks. But I thought it prudent not to break the dismission at once.</p>
|
||||
<p>The next day I noticed that Bartleby did nothing but stand at his window in his dead-wall revery. Upon asking him why he did not write, he said that he had decided upon doing no more writing.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Why, how now? what next?" exclaimed I, "do no more writing?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"No more."</p>
|
||||
<p>"And what is the reason?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"Do you not see the reason for yourself," he indifferently replied.</p>
|
||||
<p>I looked steadfastly at him, and perceived that his eyes looked dull and glazed. Instantly it occurred to me, that his unexampled diligence in copying by his dim window for the first few weeks of his stay with me might have temporarily impaired his vision.</p>
|
||||
<p>I was touched. I said something in condolence with him. I hinted that of course he did wisely in abstaining from writing for a while; and urged him to embrace that opportunity of taking wholesome exercise in the open air. This, however, he did not do. A few days after this, my other clerks being absent, and being in a great hurry to dispatch certain letters by the mail, I thought that, having nothing else earthly to do, Bartleby would surely be less inflexible than usual, and carry these letters to the post-office. But he blankly declined. So, much to my inconvenience, I went myself.</p>
|
||||
<p>Still added days went by. Whether Bartleby's eyes improved or not, I could not say. To all appearance, I thought they did. But when I asked him if they did, he vouchsafed no answer. At all events, he would do no copying. At last, in reply to my urgings, he informed me that he had permanently given up copying.</p>
|
||||
<p>"What!" exclaimed I; "suppose your eyes should get entirely well- better than ever before--would you not copy then?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"I have given up copying," he answered, and slid aside. </p>
|
||||
<p>He remained as ever, a fixture in my chamber. Nay--if that were possible--he became still more of a fixture than before. What was to be done? He would do nothing in the office: why should he stay there? In plain fact, he had now become a millstone to me, not only useless as a necklace, but afflictive to bear. Yet I was sorry for him. I speak less than truth when I say that, on his own account, he occasioned me uneasiness. If he would but have named a single relative or friend, I would instantly have written, and urged their taking the poor fellow away to some convenient retreat. But he seemed alone, absolutely alone in the universe. A bit of wreck</font> in the mid Atlantic. At length, necessities connected with my business tyrannized over all other considerations. Decently as I could, I told Bartleby that in six days' time he must unconditionally leave the office. I warned him to take measures, in the interval, for procuring some other abode. I offered to assist him in this endeavor, if he himself would but take the first step towards a removal. "And when you finally quit me, Bartleby," added I, "I shall see that you go not away entirely unprovided. Six days from this hour, remember."</p>
|
||||
<p>At the expiration of that period, I peeped behind the screen, and lo! Bartleby was there. </p>
|
||||
<p>I buttoned up my coat, balanced myself; advanced slowly towards him, touched his shoulder, and said, "The time has come; you must quit this place; I am sorry for you; here is money; but you must go."</p>
|
||||
<p>"I would prefer not," he replied, with his back still towards me.</p>
|
||||
<p>"You<i> must</i>."</p>
|
||||
<p>He remained silent.</p>
|
||||
<p>Now I had an unbounded confidence in this man's common honesty. He had frequently restored to me six pences and shillings carelessly dropped upon the floor, for I am apt to be very reckless in such shirt-button affairs. The proceeding then which followed will not be deemed extraordinary. "Bartleby," said I, "I owe you twelve dollars on account; here are thirty-two; the odd twenty are yours.--Will you take it? and I handed the bills towards him.</p>
|
||||
<p>But he made no motion.</p>
|
||||
<p>"I will leave them here then," putting them under a weight on the table. Then taking my hat and cane and going to the door I tranquilly turned and added--"After you have removed your things from these offices, Bartleby, you will of course lock the door--since every one is now gone for the day but you--and if you please, slip your key underneath the mat, so that I may have it in the morning. I shall not see you again; so good-bye to you. If hereafter in your new place of abode I can be of any service to you, do not fail to advise me by letter. Good-bye, Bartleby, and fare you well."</p>
|
||||
<p>But he answered not a word; like the last column of some ruined temple, he remained standing mute and solitary in the middle of the otherwise deserted room.</p>
|
||||
<p>As I walked home in a pensive mood, my vanity got the better of my pity. I could not but highly plume myself on my masterly management in getting rid of Bartleby. Masterly I call it, and such it must appear to any dispassionate thinker. The beauty of my procedure seemed to consist in its perfect quietness. There was no vulgar bullying, no bravado of any sort, no choleric hectoring and striding to and fro across the apartment, jerking out vehement commands for Bartleby to bundle himself off with his beggarly traps. Nothing of the kind. Without loudly bidding Bartleby depart--as an inferior genius might have done--I assumed the ground that depart he must; and upon the assumption built all I had to say. The more I thought over my procedure, the more I was charmed with it. Nevertheless, next morning, upon awakening, I had my doubts,--I had somehow slept off the fumes of vanity. One of the coolest and wisest hours a man has, is just after he awakes in the morning. My procedure seemed as sagacious as ever,--but only in theory. How it would prove in practice--there was the rub. It was truly a beautiful thought to have assumed Bartleby's departure; but, after all, that assumption was simply my own, and none of Bartleby's. The great point was, not whether I had assumed that he would quit me, but whether he would prefer so to do. He was more a man of preferences than assumptions.</p>
|
||||
<p>After breakfast, I walked down town, arguing the probabilities pro and con. One moment I thought it would prove a miserable failure, and Bartleby would be found all alive at my office as usual; the next moment it seemed certain that I should see his chair empty. And so I kept veering about. At the corner of Broadway and Canal- street, I saw quite an excited group of people standing in earnest conversation.</p>
|
||||
<p>"I'll take odds he doesn't," said a voice as I passed.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Doesn't go?--done!" said I, "put up your money."</p>
|
||||
<p>I was instinctively putting my hand in my pocket to produce my own, when I remembered that this was an election day. The words I had overheard bore no reference to Bartleby, but to the success or non-success of some candidate for the mayoralty. In my intent frame of mind, I had, as it were, imagined that all Broadway shared in my excitement, and were debating the same question with me. I passed on, very thankful that the uproar of the street screened my momentary absent-mindedness.</p>
|
||||
<p>As I had intended, I was earlier than usual at my office door. I stood listening for a moment. All was still. He must be gone. I tried the knob. The door was locked. Yes, my procedure had worked to a charm; he indeed must be vanished. Yet a certain melancholy mixed with this: I was almost sorry for my brilliant success. I was fumbling under the door mat for the key, which Bartleby was to have left there for me, when accidentally my knee knocked against a panel, producing a summoning sound, and in response a voice came to me from within--"Not yet; I am occupied."</p>
|
||||
<p>It was Bartleby.</p>
|
||||
<p>I was thunderstruck. For an instant I stood like the man who, pipe in mouth, was killed one cloudless afternoon long ago in Virginia, by summer lightning; at his own warm open window he was killed, and remained leaning out there upon the dreamy afternoon, till some one touched him, when he fell. "Not gone!" I murmured at last. But again obeying that wondrous ascendancy which the inscrutable scrivener had over me, and from which ascendancy, for all my chafing, I could not completely escape, I slowly went down stairs and out into the street, and while walking round the block, considered what I should next do in this unheard-of-perplexity. Turn the man out by an actual thrusting I could not; to drive him away by calling him hard names would not do; calling in the police was an unpleasant idea; and yet, permit him to enjoy his cadaverous triumph over me,--this too I could not think of. What was to be done? or, if nothing could be done, was there any thing further that I could assume in the matter? Yes, as before I had prospectively assumed that Bartleby would depart, so now I might retrospectively assume that departed he was. In the legitimate carrying out of this assumption, I might enter my office in a great hurry, and pretending not to see Bartleby at all, walk straight against him as if he were air. Such a proceeding would in a singular degree have the appearance of a home-thrust. It was hardly possible that Bartleby could withstand such an application of the doctrine of assumptions. But upon second thoughts the success of the plan seemed rather dubious. I resolved to argue the matter over with him again.</p>
|
||||
<p>Bartleby," said I, entering the office, with a quietly severe expression. "I am seriously displeased. I am pained, Bartleby. I had thought better of you. I had imagined you of such a gentlemanly organization, that in any delicate dilemma a slight hint would suffice--in short, an assumption. But it appears I am deceived. Why," I added, unaffectedly starting, "you have not even touched the money yet," pointing to it, just where I had left it the evening previous.</p>
|
||||
<p>He answered nothing.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Will you, or will you not, quit me?" I now demanded in a sudden passion, advancing close to him.</p>
|
||||
<p>"I would prefer <i>not</i> to quit you," he replied, gently emphasizing the<i> not</i>.</p>
|
||||
<p>"What earthly right have you to stay here? do you pay any rent? Do you pay my taxes? Or is this property yours?"</p>
|
||||
<p>He answered nothing.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Are you ready to go on and write now? Are your eyes recovered? Could you copy a small paper for me this morning? or help examine a few lines? or step round to the post-office? In a word, will you do any thing at all, to give a coloring to your refusal to depart the premises?"</p>
|
||||
<p>He silently retired into his hermitage.</p>
|
||||
<p>I was now in such a state of nervous resentment that I thought it but prudentto check myself at present from further demonstrations. Bartleby and I were alone. I remembered the tragedy of the unfortunate Adams and the still more unfortunate Colt in the solitary office of the latter; and how poor Colt, being dreadfully incensed by Adams, and imprudently permitting himself to get wildly excited, was at unawares hurried into his fatal act--an act which certainly no man could possibly deplore more than the actor himself. Often it had occurred to me in my ponderings upon the subject, that had that altercation taken place in the public street, or at a private residence, it would not have terminated as it did. It was the circumstance of being alone in a solitary office, up stairs, of a building entirely unhallowed by humanizing domestic associations--an uncarpeted office, doubtless of a dusty, haggard sort of appearance;--this it must have been, which greatly helped to enhance the irritable desperation of the hapless Colt.</p>
|
||||
<p>But when this old Adam of resentment rose in me and tempted me concerning Bartleby, I grappled him and threw him. How? Why, simply by recalling the divine injunction: "A new commandment give I unto you, that ye love one another." Yes, this it was that saved me. Aside from higher considerations, charity often operates as a vastly wise and prudent principle--a great safeguard to its possessor. Men have committed murder for jealousy's sake, and anger's sake, and hatred's sake, and selfishness' sake, and spiritual pride's sake; but no man that ever I heard of, ever committed a diabolical murder for sweet charity's sake. Mere self-interest, then, if no better motive can be enlisted, should, especially with high-tempered men, prompt all beings to charity and philanthropy. At any rate, upon the occasion in question, I strove to drown my exasperated feelings towards the scrivener by benevolently construing his conduct. Poor fellow, poor fellow! thought I, he don't mean any thing; and besides, he has seen hard times, and ought to be indulged.</p>
|
||||
<p>I endeavored also immediately to occupy myself, and at the same time to comfort my despondency.I tried to fancy that in the course of the morning, at such time as might prove agreeable to him, Bartleby, of his own free accord, would emerge from his hermitage, and take up some decided line of march in the direction of the door. But no. Half-past twelve o'clock came; Turkey began to glow in the face, overturn his inkstand, and become generally obstreperous; Nippers abated down into quietude and courtesy; Ginger Nut munched his noon apple; and Bartleby remained standing at his window in one of his profoundest deadwall reveries. Will it be credited? Ought I to acknowledge it? That afternoon I left the office without saying one further word to him.</p>
|
||||
<p>Some days now passed, during which, at leisure intervals I looked a little into Edwards on the Will," and "Priestly on Necessity." Under the circumstances, those books induced a salutary feeling. Gradually I slid into the persuasion that these troubles of mine touching the scrivener, had been all predestinated from eternity, and Bartleby was billeted upon me for some mysterious purpose of an all-wise Providence, which it was not for a mere mortal like me to fathom. Yes, Bartleby, stay there behind your screen, thought I; I shall persecute you no more; you are harmless and noiseless as any of these old chairs; in short, I never feel so private as when I know you are here. At least I see it, I feel it; I penetrate to the predestinated purpose of my life. I am content. Others may have loftier parts to enact; but my mission in this world, Bartleby, is to furnish you with office-room for such period as you may see fit to remain.</p>
|
||||
<p>I believe that this wise and blessed frame of mind would have continued with me, had it not been for the unsolicited and uncharitable remarks obtruded upon me by my professional friends who visited the rooms. But thus it often is, that the constant friction of illiberal minds wears out at last the best resolves of the more generous. Though to be sure, when I reflected upon it, it was not strange that people entering my office should be struck by the peculiar aspect of the unaccountable Bartleby, and so be tempted to throw out some sinister observations concerning him. Sometimes an attorney having business with me, and calling at my office, and finding no one but the scrivener there, would undertake to obtain some sort of precise information from him touching my whereabouts; but without heeding his idle talk, Bartleby would remain standing immovable in the middle of the room. So after contemplating him in that position for a time, the attorney would depart, no wiser than he came.</p>
|
||||
<p>Also, when a Reference was going on, and the room full of lawyers and witnesses and business was driving fast; some deeply occupied legal gentleman present, seeing Bartleby wholly unemployed, would request him to run round to his (the legal gentleman's) office and fetch some papers for him. Thereupon, Bartleby would tranquilly decline, and remain idle as before. Then the lawyer would give a great stare, and turn to me. And what could I say? At last I was made aware that all through the circle of my professional acquaintance, a whisper of wonder was running round, having reference to the strange creature I kept at my office. This worried me very much. And as the idea came upon me of his possibly turning out a long-lived man, and keep occupying my chambers, and denying my authority; and perplexing my visitors; and scandalizing my professional reputation; and casting a general gloom over the premises; keeping soul and body together to the last upon his savings (for doubtless he spent but half a dime a day), and in the end perhaps outlive me, and claim possession of my office by right of his perpetual occupancy: as all these dark anticipations crowded upon me more and more, and my friends continually intruded their relentless remarks upon the apparition in my room; a great change was wrought in me. I resolved to gather all my faculties together, and for ever rid me of this intolerable incubus.</p>
|
||||
<p>Ere revolving any complicated project, however, adapted to this end, I first simply suggested to Bartleby the propriety of his permanent departure. In a calm and serious tone, I commended the idea to his careful and mature consideration. But having taken three days to meditate upon it, he apprised me that his original determination remained the same; in short, that he still preferred to abide with me.</p>
|
||||
<p>What shall I do? I now said to myself, buttoning up my coat to the last button. What shall I do? what ought I to do? what does conscience say I should do with this man, or rather ghost. Rid myself of him, I must; go, he shall. But how? You will not thrust him, the poor, pale, passive mortal,--you will not thrust such a helpless creature out of your door? you will not dishonor yourself by such cruelty? No, I will not, I cannot do that. Rather would I let him live and die here, and then mason up his remains in the wall. What then will you do? For all your coaxing, he will not budge. Bribes he leaves under your own paperweight on your table; in short, it is quite plain that he prefers to cling to you.</p>
|
||||
<p>Then something severe, something unusual must be done. What! surely you will not have him collared by a constable, and commit his innocent pallor to the common jail? And upon what ground could you procure such a thing to be done?--a vagrant, is he? What! he a vagrant, a wanderer, who refuses to budge? It is because he will not be a vagrant, then, that you seek to count him as a vagrant. That is too absurd. No visible means of support: there I have him. Wrong again: for indubitably he does support himself, and that is the only unanswerable proof that any man can show of his possessing the means so to do. No more then. Since he will not quit me, I must quit him. I will change my offices; I will move elsewhere; and give him fair notice, that if I find him on my new premises I will then proceed against him as a common trespasser.</p>
|
||||
<p>Acting accordingly, next day I thus addressed him: "I find these chambers too far from the City Hall; the air is unwholesome. In a word, I propose to remove my offices next week, and shall no longer require your services. I tell you this now, in order that you may seek another place."</p>
|
||||
<p>He made no reply, and nothing more was said.</p>
|
||||
<p>On the appointed day I engaged carts and men, proceeded to my chambers, and having but little furniture, every thing was removed in a few hours. Throughout, the scrivener remained standing behind the screen, which I directed to be removed the last thing. It was withdrawn; and being folded up like a huge folio, left him the motionless occupant of a naked room. I stood in the entry watching him a moment, while something from within me upbraided me.</p>
|
||||
<p>I re-entered, with my hand in my pocket--and--and my heart in my mouth. </p>
|
||||
<p>"Good-bye, Bartleby; I am going--good-bye, and God some way bless you; and take that," slipping something in his hand. But it dropped to the floor, and then,--strange to say--I tore myself from him whom I had so longed to be rid of.</p>
|
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<p>Established in my new quarters, for a day or two I kept the door locked, and started at every footfall in the passages. When I returned to my rooms after any little absence, I would pause at the threshold for an instant, and attentively listen, ere applying my key. But these fears were needless. Bartleby never came nigh me.</p>
|
||||
<p>I thought all was going well, when a perturbed looking stranger visited me, inquiring whether I was the person who had recently occupied rooms at No.--Wall-street.</p>
|
||||
<p>Full of forebodings, I replied that I was.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Then, sir," said the stranger, who proved a lawyer, "you are responsible for the man you left there. He refuses to do any copying; he refuses to do any thing; he says he prefers not to; and he refuses to quit the premises."</p>
|
||||
<p>"I am very sorry, sir," said I, with assumed tranquillity, but an inward tremor, "but, really, the man you allude to is nothing to me --he is no relation or apprentice of mine, that you should hold me responsible for him."</p>
|
||||
<p>"In mercy's name, who is he?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"I certainly cannot inform you. I know nothing about him. Formerly I employed him as a copyist; but he has done nothing for me now for some time past."</p>
|
||||
<p>"I shall settle him then,--good morning, sir."</p>
|
||||
<p>Several days passed, and I heard nothing more; and though I often felt a charitable prompting to call at the place and see poor Bartleby, yet a certain squeamishness of I know not what withheld me.</p>
|
||||
<p>All is over with him, by this time, thought I at last, when through another week no further intelligence reached me. But coming to my room the day after, I found several persons waiting at my door in a high state of nervous excitement.</p>
|
||||
<p>"That's the man--here he comes," cried the foremost one, whom recognized as the lawyer who had previously called upon me alone.</p>
|
||||
<p>"You must take him away, sir, at once," cried a portly person among them, advancing upon me, and whom I knew to be the landlord of No.--Wall-street. "These gentlemen, my tenants, cannot stand it any longer; Mr. B--" pointing to the lawyer, "has turned him out of his room, and he now persists in haunting the buildinggenerally, sitting upon the banisters of the stairs by day, and sleeping in the entry by night. Every body is concerned; clients are leaving the offices; some fears are entertained of a mob; something you must do, and that without delay."</p>
|
||||
<p> Aghast at this torment, I fell back before it, and would fain have locked myselfin my new quarters. In vain I persisted that Bartleby was nothing to me--no more than to any one else. In vain:--I was the last person known to have any thing to do with him, and they held me to the terrible account. Fearful then of being exposed in the papers (as one person present obscurely threatened) I considered the matter, and at length said, that if the lawyer would give me a confidential interview with the scrivener, in his (the lawyer's) own room, I would that afternoon strive my best to rid them of the nuisance they complained of.</p>
|
||||
<p>Going up stairs to my old haunt, there was Bartleby silently sitting upon the banister at the landing.</p>
|
||||
<p>"What are you doing here, Bartleby?" said I.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Sitting upon the banister," he mildly replied.</p>
|
||||
<p>I motioned him into the lawyer's room, who then left us.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Bartleby," said I, "are you aware that you are the cause of great tribulation to me, by persisting in occupying the entry after being dismissed from the office?"</p>
|
||||
<p>No answer.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Now one of two things must take place. Either you must do something or something must be done to you. Now what sort of business would you like to engage in? Would you like to re-engage in copying for some one?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"No; I would prefer not to make any change."</p>
|
||||
<p>"Would you like a clerkship in a dry-goods store?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"There is too much confinement about that. No, I would not like a clerkship; but I am not particular."</p>
|
||||
<p>"Too much confinement," I cried, "why you keep yourself confined all the time!"</p>
|
||||
<p>"I would prefer not to take a clerkship," he rejoined, as if to settle that little item at once.</p>
|
||||
<p>"How would a bar-tender's business suit you? There is no trying of the eyesight in that."</p>
|
||||
<p>"I would not like it at all; though, as I said before, I am not particular."</p>
|
||||
<p>His unwonted wordiness inspirited me. I returned to the charge.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Well then, would you like to travel through the country collecting bills for the merchants? That would improve your health."</p>
|
||||
<p>"No, I would prefer to be doing something else."</p>
|
||||
<p>"How then would going as a companion to Europe, to entertain some young gentleman with your conversation,--how would that suit you?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"Not at all. It does not strike me that there is any thing definite about that. I like to be stationary. But I am not particular.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Stationary you shall be then," I cried, now losing all patience, and for the first time in all my exasperating connection with him fairly flying into a passion. "If you do not go away from these premises before night, I shall feel bound--indeed I am bound--to-- to--to quit the premises myself!" I rather absurdly concluded, knowing not with what possible threat to try to frighten his immobility into compliance. Despairing of all further efforts, I was precipitately leaving him, when a final thought occurred to me--one which had not been wholly unindulged before. </p>
|
||||
<p>"Bartleby," said I, in the kindest tone I could assume under such exciting circumstances, "will you go home with me now--not to my office, but my dwelling--and remain there till we can conclude upon some convenient arrangement for you at our leisure? Come, let us start now, right away."</p>
|
||||
<p>"No: at present I would prefer not to make any change at all."</p>
|
||||
<p>I answered nothing; but effectualy dodging every one by the suddenness and rapidity of my flight, rushed from the building, ran up Wall-street towards Broadway, and jumping into the first omnibus was soon removed from pursuit. As soon as tranquility returned I distinctly perceived that I had now done all that I possibly could, both in respect to the demands of the landlord and his tenants, and with regard to my own desire and sense of duty, to benefit Bartleby, and shield him from rude persecution. I now strove to be entirely care-free and quiescent; and my conscience justified me in the attempt; though indeed it was not so successful as I could have wished. So fearful was I of being again hunted out by the incensed landlord and his exasperated tenants, that, surrendering my business to Nippers, for a few days I drove about the upper part of the town and through the suburbs, in my rockaway; crossed over to Jersey City and Hoboken, and paid fugitive visits to Manhattanville and Astoria. In fact I almost lived in my rockaway for the time.</p>
|
||||
<p>When again I entered my office, lo, a note from the landlord lay upon desk. opened it with trembling hands. informed me that writer had sent to police, and Bartleby removed the Tombs as a vagrant. Moreover, since I knew more about him than any one else, he wished me to appear at that place, and make a suitable statement of the facts. These tidings had a conflicting effect upon me. At first I was indignant; but at last almost approved. The landlord's energetic, summary disposition, had led him to adopt a procedure which I do not think I would have decided upon myself; and yet as a last resort, under such peculiar circumstances, it seemed the only plan.</p>
|
||||
<p>As I afterwards learned, the poor scrivener, when told that he must be conducted to the Tombs, offered not the slightest obstacle, but in his pale unmoving way, silently acquiesced. </p>
|
||||
<p>Some of the compassionate and curious bystanders joined the party; and headed by one of the constables arm in arm with Bartleby, the silent procession filed its way through all the noise, and heat, and joy of the roaring thoroughfares at noon.</p>
|
||||
<p>The same day I received the note I went to the Tombs, or to speak more properly, the Halls of Justice. Seeking the right officer, I stated the purpose of my call, and was informed that the individual I described was indeed within. I then assured the functionary that Bartleby was a perfectly honest man, and greatly to be compassionated, however unaccountably eccentric. I narrated all I knew,and closed by suggesting the idea of letting him remain in as indulgent confinement as possible till something less harsh might be done--though indeed I hardly knew what. At all events, if nothing else could be decided upon, the alms-house must receive him. I then begged to have an interview.</p>
|
||||
<p>Being under no disgraceful charge, and quite serene and harmless in all his ways, they had permitted him freely to wander about the prison, and especially in the inclosed grass-platted yards thereof. And so I found him there, standing all alone in the quietest of the yards, his face towards a high wall, while all around, from the narrow slits of the jail windows, I thought I saw peering out upon him the eyes of murderers and thieves. </p>
|
||||
<p>"Bartleby!"</p>
|
||||
<p>"I know you," he said, without looking round,--"and I want nothing to say to you."</p>
|
||||
<p>"It was not I that brought you here, Bartleby," said I, keenly pained at his implied suspicion. "And to you, this should not be so vile a place. Nothing reproachful attaches to you by being here. And see, it is not so sad a place as one might think. Look, there is the sky, and here is the grass."</p>
|
||||
<p>"I know where I am," he replied, but would say nothing more, and so I left him.</p>
|
||||
<p>As I entered the corridor again, a broad meat-like man in an apron, accosted me, and jerking his thumb over his shoulder said--"Is that your friend?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"Yes."</p>
|
||||
<p>"Does he want to starve? If he does, let him live on the prison fare, that's all.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Who are you?" asked I, not knowing what to make of such an unofficially speaking person in such a place.</p>
|
||||
<p>"I am the grub-man. Such gentlemen as have friends here, hire me to provide them with something good to eat."</p>
|
||||
<p>"Is this so?" said I, turning to the turnkey.</p>
|
||||
<p>He said it was.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Well then," said I, slipping some silver into the grub-man's hands (for so they called him). "I want you to give particular attention to my friend there; let him have the best dinner you can get. And you must be as polite to him as possible."</p>
|
||||
<p>"Introduce me, will you?" said the grub-man, looking at me with an expression which seemed to say he was all impatience for an opportunity to give a specimen of his breeding.</p>
|
||||
<p>Thinking it would prove of benefit to the scrivener, I acquiesced; and asking the grub-man his name, went up with him to Bartleby.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Bartleby, this is a friend; you will find him very useful to you."</p>
|
||||
<p>"Your sarvant, sir, your sarvant," said the grub-man, making a low salutation behind his apron. "Hope you find it pleasant here, sir;--spacious grounds--cool apartments, sir--hope you'll stay with us some time--try to make it agreeable. What will you have for dinner today?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"I prefer not to dine to-day," said Bartleby, turning away. "It would disagree with me; I am unused to dinners." So saying he slowly moved to the other side of the inclosure, and took up a position fronting the dead-wall.</p>
|
||||
<p>"How's this?" said the grub-man, addressing me with a stare of astonishment. "He's odd, aint he?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"I think he is a little deranged," said I, sadly.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Deranged? deranged is it? Well now, upon my word, I thought that friend of yourn was a gentleman forger; they are always pale and genteel-like, them forgers. I can't help pity 'em--can't help it, sir. Did you know Monroe Edwards?" he added touchingly, and paused. Then, laying his hand pityingly on my shoulder, sighed, "he died of consumption at Sing-Sing. so you weren't acquainted with Monroe?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"No, I was never socially acquainted with any forgers. But I cannot stop longer. Look to my friend yonder. You will not lose by it. I will see you again."</p>
|
||||
<p>Some few days after this, I again obtained admission to the Tombs, and went through the corridors in quest of Bartleby; but without finding him.</p>
|
||||
<p>"I saw him coming from his cell not long ago," said a turnkey, "may be he's gone to loiter in the yards."</p>
|
||||
<p>So I went in that direction.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Are you looking for the silent man?" said another turnkey passing me. "Yonder he lies--sleeping in the yard there. 'Tis not twenty minutes since I saw him lie down."</p>
|
||||
<p>The yard was entirely quiet. It was not accessible to the common prisoners. The surrounding walls, of amazing thickness, kept off all sound behind them. The Egyptian character of the masonry weighed upon me with its gloom. But a soft imprisoned turf grew under foot. The heart of the eternal pyramids, it seemed, wherein, by some strange magic, through the clefts, grass-seed, dropped by birds, had sprung.</p>
|
||||
<p>Strangely huddled at the base of the wall, his knees drawn up, and lying on his side, his head touching the cold stones, I saw the wasted Bartleby. But nothing stirred. I paused; then went close up to him; stooped over, and saw that his dim eyes were open; otherwise he seemed profoundly sleeping. Something prompted me to touch him. I felt his hand, when a tingling shiver ran up my arm and down my spine to my feet.</p>
|
||||
<p>The round face of the grub-man peered upon me now. "His dinner is ready. Won't he dine to-day, either? Or does he live without dining?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"Lives without dining," said I, and closed the eyes.</p>
|
||||
<p>"Eh!--He's asleep, aint he?"</p>
|
||||
<p>"With kings and counsellors," murmured I.</p>
|
||||
<p>* * * * * * * *</p>
|
||||
<p>There would seem little need for proceeding further in this history. Imagination will readily supply the meagre recital of poor Bartleby's interment. But ere parting with the reader, let me say, that if this little narrative has sufficiently interested him, to awaken curiosity as to who Bartleby was, and what manner of life he led prior to the present narrator's making his acquaintance, I can only reply, that in such curiosity I fully share, but am wholly unable to gratify it. Yet here I hardly know whether I should divulge one little item of rumor, which came to my ear a few months after the scrivener's decease. Upon what basis it rested, I could never ascertain; and hence how true it is I cannot now tell. But inasmuch as this vague report has not been without a certain strange suggestive interest to me, however said, it may prove the same with some others; and so I will briefly mention it. The report was this: that Bartleby had been a subordinate clerk in the Dead Letter Office at <a href="http://raven.cc.ukans.edu/%7Ezeke/bartleby/parker.html" target="_blank">Washington</a>, from which he had been suddenly removed by a change in the administration. When I think over this rumor, I cannot adequately express the emotions which seize me. Dead letters! does it not sound like dead men? Conceive a man by nature and misfortune prone to a pallid hopelessness, can any business seem more fitted to heighten it than that of continually handling these dead letters and assorting them for the flames? For by the cart-load they are annually burned. Sometimes from out the folded paper the pale clerk takes a ring:--the bank-note sent in swiftest charity:--he whom it would relieve, nor eats nor hungers any more; pardon for those who died despairing; hope for those who died unhoping; good tidings for those who died stifled by unrelieved calamities. On errands of life, these letters speed to death. </p>
|
||||
<p> Ah Bartleby! Ah humanity!</p>
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<figure section="shortcodeImage"><span><span itemprop="image" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"><img src="https://cnet1.cbsistatic.com/img/nAMdBzIE1ogVw5bOBZBaiJCt3Ro=/570x0/2014/03/21/863df5d9-e8b8-4b38-851b-5e3f77f2cf0e/mark-zuckerberg-facebook-home-10671610x407.jpg" alt="" width="570" height="0"/><meta itemprop="url" content="https://cnet1.cbsistatic.com/img/nAMdBzIE1ogVw5bOBZBaiJCt3Ro=/570x0/2014/03/21/863df5d9-e8b8-4b38-851b-5e3f77f2cf0e/mark-zuckerberg-facebook-home-10671610x407.jpg"/><meta itemprop="height" content="0"/><meta itemprop="width" content="570"/></span></span>
|
||||
<figcaption><span class="caption"><p>Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg, the man with the acquisition plan.</p></span><span>Photo by James Martin/CNET
|
||||
</span></figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
<p>Anyone who has ever been involved in closing a billion-dollar acquisition deal will tell you that you don't go in without a clear, well thought out plan.</p>
|
||||
<p>Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg knows a thing or two about how to seal the deal on blockbuster buys. After all, he's the man behind his company's <a href="https://www.cnet.com/news/facebook-closes-19-billion-deal-for-whatsapp/" target="_blank">$19 billion acquisition</a> of WhatsApp, he <a href="https://www.cnet.com/news/zuckerberg-did-1-billion-instagram-deal-on-his-own/" target="_blank">personally brokered</a> its $1 billion buyout of <a href="https://www.cnet.com/news/why-facebook-plunked-down-1-billion-to-buy-instagram/" target="_blank">Instagram</a> and closed the <a href="https://www.cnet.com/news/facebook-to-buy-oculus-for-2-billion/" target="_blank">$3 billion deal</a> to buy Oculus VR.</p>
|
||||
<p>Zuckerberg offered a primer on the strategies he and his company employ when they see an attractive target during testimony Tuesday <a href="https://www.cnet.com/news/zenimax-sues-oculus-over-virtual-reality-rift-tech/">in a lawsuit with ZeniMax Media</a>, which accuses Oculus and Facebook of "misappropriating" trade secrets and copyright infringement. At the heart of the lawsuit is technology that helped create liftoff for virtual reality, one of the <a href="http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/the-reality-of-the-virtual-world/" target="_blank" data-component="externalLink">hottest gadget trends today.</a></p>
|
||||
<p>A key Facebook approach is building a long-term relationship with your target, Zuckerberg said at the trial. These deals don't just pop up over night, he said according to a transcript reviewed by <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/mark-zuckerberg-explains-facebooks-acquisition-strategy-2017-1" target="_blank" data-component="externalLink">Business Insider</a>. They take time to cultivate. </p>
|
||||
<blockquote>
|
||||
<p>I've been building relationships, at least in Instagram and the WhatsApp cases, for years with the founders and the people that are involved in these companies, which made [it] so that when it became time or when we thought it was the right time to move, we felt like we had a good amount of context and had good relationships so that we could move quickly, which was competitively important and why a lot of these acquisitions, I think, came to us instead of our competitors and ended up being very good acquisitions over time that a lot of competitors wished they had gotten instead. </p>
|
||||
</blockquote>
|
||||
<p> He also stressed the need assure your target that you have a shared vision about how you will collaborate after the deal is put to bed. Zuckerberg said this was reason Facebook was able to acquire Oculus for less than its original $4 billion asking price.</p>
|
||||
<blockquote>If this [deal] is going to happen, it's not going to be because we offer a lot of money, although we're going to have to offer a fair price for the company that is more than what they felt like they could do on their own. But they also need to feel like this was actually going to help their mission.</blockquote>
|
||||
<p>When that doesn't work, Zuckerberg said scare tactics is an effective, if undesirable, way of persuading small startups that they face a better chance of survival if they have Facebook to guide their way rather than going it alone.</p>
|
||||
<blockquote>That's less my thing, but I think if you are trying to help convince people that they want to join you, helping them understand all the pain that they would have to go through to build it out independently is a valuable tactic. </blockquote>
|
||||
<p>It also pays to be weary of competing suitors for your startup, Zuckerberg said, and be willing to move fast to stave off rivals and get the deal done.</p>
|
||||
<blockquote>Often, if a company knows we're offering something, they will offer more. So being able to move quickly not only increases our chance of being able to get a deal done if we want to, but it makes it so we don't have end up having to pay a lot more because the process drags out.</blockquote>
|
||||
<p>It wasn't clear why these strategies didn't work on Snapchat CEO Evan Spiegel, who <a href="https://www.cnet.com/news/snapchat-said-to-rebuff-3-billion-offer-from-facebook/">famously rebuffed</a> a $3 billion takeover offer from Facebook in 2013.</p>
|
||||
<p><em><strong>Tech Enabled:</strong> CNET chronicles tech's role in providing new kinds of accessibility. Check it out <a href="https://www.cnet.com/tech-enabled/">here</a>.</em><em><strong><br/></strong></em></p>
|
||||
<p><em><strong>Technically Literate:</strong> Original works of short fiction with unique perspectives on tech, exclusively on CNET. <a href="https://www.cnet.com/technically-literate/">Here</a>.</em></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="page" itemprop="articleBody" data-component="lazyloadImages" id="readability-page-1">
|
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|
||||
<meta itemprop="url" content="https://cnet1.cbsistatic.com/img/nAMdBzIE1ogVw5bOBZBaiJCt3Ro=/570x0/2014/03/21/863df5d9-e8b8-4b38-851b-5e3f77f2cf0e/mark-zuckerberg-facebook-home-10671610x407.jpg" />
|
||||
<meta itemprop="height" content="0" />
|
||||
<meta itemprop="width" content="570" />
|
||||
</span></span>
|
||||
<figcaption><span class="caption">
|
||||
<p>Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg, the man with the acquisition plan.</p>
|
||||
</span><span>Photo by James Martin/CNET </span></figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
<p>Anyone who has ever been involved in closing a billion-dollar acquisition deal will tell you that you don't go in without a clear, well thought out plan.</p>
|
||||
<p>Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg knows a thing or two about how to seal the deal on blockbuster buys. After all, he's the man behind his company's <a href="https://www.cnet.com/news/facebook-closes-19-billion-deal-for-whatsapp/" target="_blank">$19 billion acquisition</a> of WhatsApp, he <a href="https://www.cnet.com/news/zuckerberg-did-1-billion-instagram-deal-on-his-own/" target="_blank">personally brokered</a> its $1 billion buyout of <a href="https://www.cnet.com/news/why-facebook-plunked-down-1-billion-to-buy-instagram/" target="_blank">Instagram</a> and closed the <a href="https://www.cnet.com/news/facebook-to-buy-oculus-for-2-billion/" target="_blank">$3 billion deal</a> to buy Oculus VR.</p>
|
||||
<p>Zuckerberg offered a primer on the strategies he and his company employ when they see an attractive target during testimony Tuesday <a href="https://www.cnet.com/news/zenimax-sues-oculus-over-virtual-reality-rift-tech/">in a lawsuit with ZeniMax Media</a>, which accuses Oculus and Facebook of "misappropriating" trade secrets and copyright infringement. At the heart of the lawsuit is technology that helped create liftoff for virtual reality, one of the <a href="http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/the-reality-of-the-virtual-world/" target="_blank" data-component="externalLink">hottest gadget trends today.</a></p>
|
||||
<p>A key Facebook approach is building a long-term relationship with your target, Zuckerberg said at the trial. These deals don't just pop up over night, he said according to a transcript reviewed by <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/mark-zuckerberg-explains-facebooks-acquisition-strategy-2017-1" target="_blank" data-component="externalLink">Business Insider</a>. They take time to cultivate. </p>
|
||||
<blockquote>
|
||||
<p>I've been building relationships, at least in Instagram and the WhatsApp cases, for years with the founders and the people that are involved in these companies, which made [it] so that when it became time or when we thought it was the right time to move, we felt like we had a good amount of context and had good relationships so that we could move quickly, which was competitively important and why a lot of these acquisitions, I think, came to us instead of our competitors and ended up being very good acquisitions over time that a lot of competitors wished they had gotten instead. </p>
|
||||
</blockquote>
|
||||
<p> He also stressed the need assure your target that you have a shared vision about how you will collaborate after the deal is put to bed. Zuckerberg said this was reason Facebook was able to acquire Oculus for less than its original $4 billion asking price.</p>
|
||||
<blockquote>If this [deal] is going to happen, it's not going to be because we offer a lot of money, although we're going to have to offer a fair price for the company that is more than what they felt like they could do on their own. But they also need to feel like this was actually going to help their mission.</blockquote>
|
||||
<p>When that doesn't work, Zuckerberg said scare tactics is an effective, if undesirable, way of persuading small startups that they face a better chance of survival if they have Facebook to guide their way rather than going it alone.</p>
|
||||
<blockquote>That's less my thing, but I think if you are trying to help convince people that they want to join you, helping them understand all the pain that they would have to go through to build it out independently is a valuable tactic. </blockquote>
|
||||
<p>It also pays to be weary of competing suitors for your startup, Zuckerberg said, and be willing to move fast to stave off rivals and get the deal done.</p>
|
||||
<blockquote>Often, if a company knows we're offering something, they will offer more. So being able to move quickly not only increases our chance of being able to get a deal done if we want to, but it makes it so we don't have end up having to pay a lot more because the process drags out.</blockquote>
|
||||
<p>It wasn't clear why these strategies didn't work on Snapchat CEO Evan Spiegel, who <a href="https://www.cnet.com/news/snapchat-said-to-rebuff-3-billion-offer-from-facebook/">famously rebuffed</a> a $3 billion takeover offer from Facebook in 2013.</p>
|
||||
<p><em><strong>Tech Enabled:</strong> CNET chronicles tech's role in providing new kinds of accessibility. Check it out <a href="https://www.cnet.com/tech-enabled/">here</a>.</em><em><strong><br /></strong></em></p>
|
||||
<p><em><strong>Technically Literate:</strong> Original works of short fiction with unique perspectives on tech, exclusively on CNET. <a href="https://www.cnet.com/technically-literate/">Here</a>.</em></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
@ -1,38 +1,28 @@
|
||||
<div id="readability-page-1" class="page">
|
||||
<div id="storytext">
|
||||
<h2>The U.S. has long been heralded as a land of opportunity -- a place where anyone can succeed regardless of the economic class they were born into.</h2>
|
||||
<p> But a new report released on Monday by <a href="http://web.stanford.edu/group/scspi-dev/cgi-bin/" target="_blank">Stanford University's Center on Poverty and Inequality</a> calls that into question. </p>
|
||||
<p> The report assessed poverty levels, income and wealth inequality, economic mobility and unemployment levels among 10 wealthy countries with social welfare programs. </p>
|
||||
<div id="smartassetcontainer">
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<div id="smartasset-article">
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<p> Powered by SmartAsset.com </p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p> Among its key findings: the class you're born into matters much more in the U.S. than many of the other countries. </p>
|
||||
<p> As the <a href="http://web.stanford.edu/group/scspi-dev/cgi-bin/publications/state-union-report" target="_blank">report states</a>: "[T]he birth lottery matters more in the U.S. than in most well-off countries." </p>
|
||||
<p> But this wasn't the only finding that suggests the U.S. isn't quite living up to its reputation as a country where everyone has an equal chance to get ahead through sheer will and hard work. </p>
|
||||
<p> <a href="http://money.cnn.com/2016/01/11/news/economy/rich-taxes/index.html?iid=EL"><span>Related: Rich are paying more in taxes but not as much as they used to</span></a> </p>
|
||||
<p> The report also suggested the U.S. might not be the "jobs machine" it thinks it is, when compared to other countries. </p>
|
||||
<p> It ranked near the bottom of the pack based on the levels of unemployment among men and women of prime working age. The study determined this by taking the ratio of employed men and women between the ages of 25 and 54 compared to the total population of each country. </p>
|
||||
<p> The overall rankings of the countries were as follows:<span> <br/>1. Finland <span> <br/>2. Norway<span> <br/>3. Australia <span> <br/>4. Canada<span> <br/>5. Germany<span> <br/>6. France<span> <br/>7. United Kingdom <span> <br/>8. Italy<span> <br/>9. Spain<span> <br/>10. United States </span></span>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p> The low ranking the U.S. received was due to its extreme levels of wealth and income inequality and the ineffectiveness of its "safety net" -- social programs aimed at reducing poverty. </p>
|
||||
<p> <a href="http://money.cnn.com/2016/01/05/news/economy/chicago-segregated/index.html?iid=EL"><span>Related: Chicago is America's most segregated city</span></a> </p>
|
||||
<p> The report concluded that the American safety net was ineffective because it provides only half the financial help people need. Additionally, the levels of assistance in the U.S. are generally lower than in other countries. </p>
|
||||
<p><span> CNNMoney (New York) </span> <span>First published February 1, 2016: 1:28 AM ET</span> </p>
|
||||
<h2>The U.S. has long been heralded as a land of opportunity -- a place where anyone can succeed regardless of the economic class they were born into.</h2>
|
||||
<p> But a new report released on Monday by <a href="http://web.stanford.edu/group/scspi-dev/cgi-bin/" target="_blank">Stanford University's Center on Poverty and Inequality</a> calls that into question. </p>
|
||||
<p> The report assessed poverty levels, income and wealth inequality, economic mobility and unemployment levels among 10 wealthy countries with social welfare programs. </p>
|
||||
<div id="smartassetcontainer">
|
||||
<p> Powered by SmartAsset.com </p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p> Among its key findings: the class you're born into matters much more in the U.S. than many of the other countries. </p>
|
||||
<p> As the <a href="http://web.stanford.edu/group/scspi-dev/cgi-bin/publications/state-union-report" target="_blank">report states</a>: "[T]he birth lottery matters more in the U.S. than in most well-off countries." </p>
|
||||
<p> But this wasn't the only finding that suggests the U.S. isn't quite living up to its reputation as a country where everyone has an equal chance to get ahead through sheer will and hard work. </p>
|
||||
<p> <a href="http://money.cnn.com/2016/01/11/news/economy/rich-taxes/index.html?iid=EL"><span>Related: Rich are paying more in taxes but not as much as they used to</span></a> </p>
|
||||
<p> The report also suggested the U.S. might not be the "jobs machine" it thinks it is, when compared to other countries. </p>
|
||||
<p> It ranked near the bottom of the pack based on the levels of unemployment among men and women of prime working age. The study determined this by taking the ratio of employed men and women between the ages of 25 and 54 compared to the total population of each country. </p>
|
||||
<p> The overall rankings of the countries were as follows:<span> <br />1. Finland <span> <br />2. Norway<span> <br />3. Australia <span> <br />4. Canada<span> <br />5. Germany<span> <br />6. France<span> <br />7. United Kingdom <span> <br />8. Italy<span> <br />9. Spain<span> <br />10. United States </span></span>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p> The low ranking the U.S. received was due to its extreme levels of wealth and income inequality and the ineffectiveness of its "safety net" -- social programs aimed at reducing poverty. </p>
|
||||
<p> <a href="http://money.cnn.com/2016/01/05/news/economy/chicago-segregated/index.html?iid=EL"><span>Related: Chicago is America's most segregated city</span></a> </p>
|
||||
<p> The report concluded that the American safety net was ineffective because it provides only half the financial help people need. Additionally, the levels of assistance in the U.S. are generally lower than in other countries. </p>
|
||||
<p><span> CNNMoney (New York) </span> <span>First published February 1, 2016: 1:28 AM ET</span> </p>
|
||||
</div>
|
@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
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<p> Tuesday 15 October 2019 by Bradley M. Kuhn </p>
|
||||
<p> The last 33 days have been unprecedentedly difficult for the software freedom community and for me personally. Folks have been emailing, phoning, texting, tagging me on social media (— the last of which has been funny, because all my social media accounts are placeholder accounts). But, just about everyone has urged me to comment on the serious issues that the software freedom community now faces. Until now, I have stayed silent regarding all these current topics: from Richard M. Stallman (RMS)'s public statements, to <a href="https://www.fsf.org/news/richard-m-stallman-resigns">his resignation from the Free Software Foundation (FSF)</a>, to the Epstein scandal and its connection to MIT. I've also avoided generally commenting on software freedom organizational governance during this period. I did this for good reason, which is explained below. However, in this blog post, I now share my primary comments on the matters that seem to currently be of the utmost attention of the Open Source and Free Software communities. </p>
|
||||
<p> I have been silent the last month because, until two days ago, I was an at-large member of <a href="https://www.fsf.org/about/staff-and-board">FSF's Board of Directors</a>, and a <a href="https://static.fsf.org/nosvn/fsf-amended-bylaws-current.pdf">Voting Member</a> of the FSF. As a member of FSF's two leadership bodies, I was abiding by a reasonable request from the FSF management and my duty to the organization. Specifically, the FSF asked that all communication during the crisis <a href="https://www.fsf.org/news/richard-m-stallman-resigns">come</a> <a href="https://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-and-gnu">directly</a> from FSF officers and not from at-large directors and/or Voting Members. Furthermore, the FSF management asked all Directors and Voting Members to remain silent on this entire matter — even on issues only tangentially related to the current situation, and even when speaking in our own capacity (e.g., on our own blogs like this one). The FSF is an important organization, and I take any request from the FSF seriously — so I abided fully with their request. </p>
|
||||
<p> The situation was further complicated because folks at my employer, Software Freedom Conservancy (where I also serve on the <a href="https://sfconservancy.org/about/board/#bkuhn">Board of Directors</a>) had strong opinions about this matter as well. Fortunately, the FSF and Conservancy both had already created clear protocols for what I should do if ever there was a disagreement or divergence of views between Conservancy and FSF. I therefore was recused fully from the planning, drafting, and timing of Conservancy's statement on this matter. I thank my colleagues at the Conservancy for working so carefully to keep me entirely outside the loop on their statement and to diligently assure that it was straight-forward for me to manage any potential organizational disagreements. I also thank those at the FSF who outlined clear protocols (ahead of time, back in March 2019) in case a situation like this ever came up. I also know my colleagues at Conservancy care deeply, as I do, about the health and welfare of the FSF and its mission of fighting for universal software freedom for all. None of us want, nor have, any substantive disagreement over software freedom issues. </p>
|
||||
<p> I take very seriously my duty to the various organizations where I have (or have had) affiliations. More generally, I champion non-profit organizational transparency. Unfortunately, the current crisis left me in a quandary between the overarching goal of community transparency and abiding by FSF management's directives. Now that I've left the FSF Board of Directors, FSF's Voting Membership, and all my FSF volunteer roles (which ends my 22-year uninterrupted affiliation with the FSF), I can now comment on the substantive issues that face not just the FSF, but the Free Software community as a whole, while continuing to adhere to my past duty of acting in FSF's best interest. In other words, my affiliation with the FSF has come to an end for many good and useful reasons. The end to this affiliation allows me to speak directly about the core issues at the heart of the community's current crisis. </p>
|
||||
<p> Firstly, all these events — from RMS' public comments on the MIT mailing list, to RMS' resignation from the FSF to RMS' discussions about the next steps for the GNU project — <em>seem</em> to many to have happened ridiculously quickly. But it wasn't actually fast at all. In fact, these events were culmination of issues that were slowly growing in concern to many people, including me. </p>
|
||||
<p> For the last two years, I had been a loud internal voice in the FSF leadership regarding RMS' Free-Software-unrelated public statements; I felt strongly that it was in the best interest of the FSF to actively seek to limit such statements, and that it was my duty to FSF to speak out about this within the organization. Those who only learned of this story in the last month (understandably) believed <a href="https://medium.com/@selamjie/remove-richard-stallman-fec6ec210794">Selam G.'s Medium post</a> raised an entirely new issue. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161107050933/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2016-jul-oct.html#31_October_2016_(Down's_syndrome)">In</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202025227/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2016-nov-feb.html#14_December_2016_(Campaign_of_bull-headed_prudery)">fact</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224174306/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2016-nov-feb.html#23_February_2017_(A_violent_sex_offender)">RMS'</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170612074722/http://stallman.org/archives/2017-mar-jun.html#26_May_2017_(Prudish_ignorantism)">views</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170616044924/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2017-mar-jun.html#13_June_2017_(Sex_offender_registry)">and</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020041022/http://stallman.org/archives/2017-jul-oct.html#10_October_2017_(Laws_against_having_sex_with_an_animal)">statements</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180131020215/https://stallman.org/archives/2017-jul-oct.html#29_October_2017_(Pestering_women)">posted</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180104112431/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2017-nov-feb.html#27_November_2017_(Roy_Moore's_relationships)">on</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180509120046/https://stallman.org/archives/2018-mar-jun.html#30_April_2018_(UN_peacekeepers_in_South_Sudan)">stallman.org</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180911075211/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2018-jul-oct.html#17_July_2018_(The_bullshitter's_flirting)">about</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180911075211/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2018-jul-oct.html#21_August_2018_(Age_and_attraction)">sexual</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924231708/https://stallman.org/archives/2018-jul-oct.html#23_September_2018_(Cody_Wilson)">morality</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919100154/https://stallman.org/antiglossary.html#assult">escalated</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113161736/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2018-sep-dec.html#6_November_2018_(Sex_according_to_porn)">for</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190325024048/https://stallman.org/archives/2019-jan-apr.html#14_February_2019_(Respecting_peoples_right_to_say_no)">the</a> <a href="https://www.stallman.org/archives/2019-may-aug.html#11_June_2019_(Stretching_meaning_of_terms)">worse</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801201704/https://stallman.org/archives/2019-may-aug.html#12_June_2019_(Declining_sex_rates)">over</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801201704/https://stallman.org/archives/2019-may-aug.html#30_July_2019_(Al_Franken)">the</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903050208/https://stallman.org/archives/2019-jul-oct.html#27_August_2019_(Me-too_frenzy)">last</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191011023557/https://stallman.org/archives/2019-jul-oct.html#21_September_2019_(Sex_workers)">few</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924231708/https://stallman.org/archives/2018-jul-oct.html#23_September_2018_(Cody_Wilson)">years</a>. When the escalation started, I still considered RMS both a friend and colleague, and I attempted to argue with him at length to convince him that some of his positions were harmful to sexual assault survivors and those who are sex trafficked, and to the people who devote their lives in service to such individuals. More importantly to the FSF, I attempted to persuade RMS that launching a controversial campaign on sexual behavior and morality was counter to his and FSF's mission to advance software freedom, and told RMS that my duty as an FSF Director was to assure the best outcome for the FSF, which <acronym title="in my opinion">IMO</acronym> didn't include having a leader who made such statements. Not only is human sexual behavior not a topic on which RMS has adequate academic expertise, but also his positions appear to ignore significant research and widely available information on the subject. Many of his comments, while occasionally politically intriguing, lack empathy for people who experienced trauma. </p>
|
||||
<p> IMO, this is not and has never been a Free Speech issue. I do believe freedom of speech links directly to software freedom: indeed, I see the freedom to publish software under Free licenses as almost a corollary to the freedom of speech. However, we do not need to follow leadership from those whose views we fundamentally disagree. Moreover, organizations need not and should not elevate spokespeople and leaders who speak regularly on unrelated issues that organizations find do not advance their mission, and/or that alienate important constituents. I, like many other software freedom leaders, curtail my public comments on issues not related to <acronym title="Free and Open Source Software">FOSS</acronym>. (Indeed, I would not even be commenting on <em>this issue</em> if it had not become a central issue of concern to the software freedom community.) Leaders have power, and they must exercise the power of their words with <a href="https://lwn.net/Articles/770966/">restraint, not with impunity</a>. </p>
|
||||
<p> RMS has consistently argued that there was a campaign of “prudish intimidation” — seeking to keep him quiet about his views on sexuality. After years of conversing with RMS about how his non-software-freedom views were a distraction, an indulgence, and downright problematic, his general response was to make even more public comments of this nature. The issue is not about RMS' right to say what he believes, nor is it even about whether or not you agree or disagree with RMS' statements. The question is whether an organization should have a designated leader who is on a sustained, public campaign advocating about an unrelated issue that many consider controversial. It really doesn't matter what your view about the controversial issue is; a leader who refuses to stop talking loudly about unrelated issues eventually creates an untenable distraction from the radical activism you're actively trying to advance. The message of universal software freedom is a radical cause; it's basically impossible for one individual to effectively push forward two unrelated controversial agendas at once. In short, the radical message of software freedom became overshadowed by RMS' radical views about sexual morality. </p>
|
||||
<p> And here is where I say the thing that may infuriate many but it's what I believe: I think RMS took a useful step by resigning some of his leadership roles at the FSF. I thank RMS for taking that step, and I wish the FSF Directors well in their efforts to assure that the FSF becomes a welcoming organization to all who care about universal software freedom. The <a href="https://www.fsf.org/about/">FSF's mission</a> is essential to our technological future, and we should all support that mission. I care deeply about that mission myself and have worked and will continue to work in our community in the best interest of the mission. </p>
|
||||
<p> I'm admittedly struggling to find a way to work again with RMS, given his views on sexual morality and his behaviors stemming from those views. I explicitly do not agree with <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919100154/https://stallman.org/antiglossary.html#assult">this “(re-)definition” of sexual assault</a>. Furthermore, I believe uninformed statements about sexual assault are irresponsible and cause harm to victims. #MeToo is <strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903050208/https://stallman.org/archives/2019-jul-oct.html#27_August_2019_(Me-too_frenzy)">not a “frenzy”</a></strong>; it is a global movement by individuals who have been harmed seeking to hold both bad actors <em>and</em> society-at-large accountable for ignoring systemic wrongs. Nevertheless, I still am proud of the <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/freedom-or-power.en.html">essay that I co-wrote with RMS</a> and still find <a href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.en.html">many</a> <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">of</a> <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html">RMS'</a> <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/pragmatic.html">other</a> <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/microsoft-old.html">essays</a> <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/gpl-american-way.html">compelling</a>, <a href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html">important</a>, <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/stallman-kth.en.html">and</a> <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.en.html">relevant</a>. </p>
|
||||
<p> I want the FSF to succeed in its mission and enter a new era of accomplishments. I've spent the last 22 years, without a break, dedicating substantial time, effort, care and loyalty to the various FSF roles that I've had: including employee, volunteer, at-large Director, and Voting Member. Even though my duties to the FSF are done, and my relationship with the FSF is no longer formal, I still think the FSF is a valuable institution worth helping and saving, specifically because the FSF was founded for a mission that I deeply support. And we should also realize that RMS — a human being (who is flawed like the rest of us) — invented that mission. </p>
|
||||
<p> As culture change becomes more rapid, I hope we can find reasonable nuance and moderation on our complex analysis about people and their disparate views, while we also hold individuals fully accountable for their actions. That's the difficulty we face in the post-post-modern culture of the early twenty-first century. Most importantly, I believe we must find a way to stand firm for software freedom while also making a safe environment for victims of sexual assault, sexual abuse, gaslighting, and other deplorable actions. </p>
|
||||
<p> Posted on Tuesday 15 October 2019 at 09:11 by Bradley M. Kuhn. </p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p> Tuesday 15 October 2019 by Bradley M. Kuhn </p>
|
||||
<p> The last 33 days have been unprecedentedly difficult for the software freedom community and for me personally. Folks have been emailing, phoning, texting, tagging me on social media (— the last of which has been funny, because all my social media accounts are placeholder accounts). But, just about everyone has urged me to comment on the serious issues that the software freedom community now faces. Until now, I have stayed silent regarding all these current topics: from Richard M. Stallman (RMS)'s public statements, to <a href="https://www.fsf.org/news/richard-m-stallman-resigns">his resignation from the Free Software Foundation (FSF)</a>, to the Epstein scandal and its connection to MIT. I've also avoided generally commenting on software freedom organizational governance during this period. I did this for good reason, which is explained below. However, in this blog post, I now share my primary comments on the matters that seem to currently be of the utmost attention of the Open Source and Free Software communities. </p>
|
||||
<p> I have been silent the last month because, until two days ago, I was an at-large member of <a href="https://www.fsf.org/about/staff-and-board">FSF's Board of Directors</a>, and a <a href="https://static.fsf.org/nosvn/fsf-amended-bylaws-current.pdf">Voting Member</a> of the FSF. As a member of FSF's two leadership bodies, I was abiding by a reasonable request from the FSF management and my duty to the organization. Specifically, the FSF asked that all communication during the crisis <a href="https://www.fsf.org/news/richard-m-stallman-resigns">come</a> <a href="https://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-and-gnu">directly</a> from FSF officers and not from at-large directors and/or Voting Members. Furthermore, the FSF management asked all Directors and Voting Members to remain silent on this entire matter — even on issues only tangentially related to the current situation, and even when speaking in our own capacity (e.g., on our own blogs like this one). The FSF is an important organization, and I take any request from the FSF seriously — so I abided fully with their request. </p>
|
||||
<p> The situation was further complicated because folks at my employer, Software Freedom Conservancy (where I also serve on the <a href="https://sfconservancy.org/about/board/#bkuhn">Board of Directors</a>) had strong opinions about this matter as well. Fortunately, the FSF and Conservancy both had already created clear protocols for what I should do if ever there was a disagreement or divergence of views between Conservancy and FSF. I therefore was recused fully from the planning, drafting, and timing of Conservancy's statement on this matter. I thank my colleagues at the Conservancy for working so carefully to keep me entirely outside the loop on their statement and to diligently assure that it was straight-forward for me to manage any potential organizational disagreements. I also thank those at the FSF who outlined clear protocols (ahead of time, back in March 2019) in case a situation like this ever came up. I also know my colleagues at Conservancy care deeply, as I do, about the health and welfare of the FSF and its mission of fighting for universal software freedom for all. None of us want, nor have, any substantive disagreement over software freedom issues. </p>
|
||||
<p> I take very seriously my duty to the various organizations where I have (or have had) affiliations. More generally, I champion non-profit organizational transparency. Unfortunately, the current crisis left me in a quandary between the overarching goal of community transparency and abiding by FSF management's directives. Now that I've left the FSF Board of Directors, FSF's Voting Membership, and all my FSF volunteer roles (which ends my 22-year uninterrupted affiliation with the FSF), I can now comment on the substantive issues that face not just the FSF, but the Free Software community as a whole, while continuing to adhere to my past duty of acting in FSF's best interest. In other words, my affiliation with the FSF has come to an end for many good and useful reasons. The end to this affiliation allows me to speak directly about the core issues at the heart of the community's current crisis. </p>
|
||||
<p> Firstly, all these events — from RMS' public comments on the MIT mailing list, to RMS' resignation from the FSF to RMS' discussions about the next steps for the GNU project — <em>seem</em> to many to have happened ridiculously quickly. But it wasn't actually fast at all. In fact, these events were culmination of issues that were slowly growing in concern to many people, including me. </p>
|
||||
<p> For the last two years, I had been a loud internal voice in the FSF leadership regarding RMS' Free-Software-unrelated public statements; I felt strongly that it was in the best interest of the FSF to actively seek to limit such statements, and that it was my duty to FSF to speak out about this within the organization. Those who only learned of this story in the last month (understandably) believed <a href="https://medium.com/@selamjie/remove-richard-stallman-fec6ec210794">Selam G.'s Medium post</a> raised an entirely new issue. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161107050933/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2016-jul-oct.html#31_October_2016_(Down's_syndrome)">In</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202025227/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2016-nov-feb.html#14_December_2016_(Campaign_of_bull-headed_prudery)">fact</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224174306/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2016-nov-feb.html#23_February_2017_(A_violent_sex_offender)">RMS'</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170612074722/http://stallman.org/archives/2017-mar-jun.html#26_May_2017_(Prudish_ignorantism)">views</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170616044924/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2017-mar-jun.html#13_June_2017_(Sex_offender_registry)">and</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020041022/http://stallman.org/archives/2017-jul-oct.html#10_October_2017_(Laws_against_having_sex_with_an_animal)">statements</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180131020215/https://stallman.org/archives/2017-jul-oct.html#29_October_2017_(Pestering_women)">posted</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180104112431/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2017-nov-feb.html#27_November_2017_(Roy_Moore's_relationships)">on</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180509120046/https://stallman.org/archives/2018-mar-jun.html#30_April_2018_(UN_peacekeepers_in_South_Sudan)">stallman.org</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180911075211/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2018-jul-oct.html#17_July_2018_(The_bullshitter's_flirting)">about</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180911075211/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2018-jul-oct.html#21_August_2018_(Age_and_attraction)">sexual</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924231708/https://stallman.org/archives/2018-jul-oct.html#23_September_2018_(Cody_Wilson)">morality</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919100154/https://stallman.org/antiglossary.html#assult">escalated</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113161736/https://www.stallman.org/archives/2018-sep-dec.html#6_November_2018_(Sex_according_to_porn)">for</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190325024048/https://stallman.org/archives/2019-jan-apr.html#14_February_2019_(Respecting_peoples_right_to_say_no)">the</a> <a href="https://www.stallman.org/archives/2019-may-aug.html#11_June_2019_(Stretching_meaning_of_terms)">worse</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801201704/https://stallman.org/archives/2019-may-aug.html#12_June_2019_(Declining_sex_rates)">over</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801201704/https://stallman.org/archives/2019-may-aug.html#30_July_2019_(Al_Franken)">the</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903050208/https://stallman.org/archives/2019-jul-oct.html#27_August_2019_(Me-too_frenzy)">last</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191011023557/https://stallman.org/archives/2019-jul-oct.html#21_September_2019_(Sex_workers)">few</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924231708/https://stallman.org/archives/2018-jul-oct.html#23_September_2018_(Cody_Wilson)">years</a>. When the escalation started, I still considered RMS both a friend and colleague, and I attempted to argue with him at length to convince him that some of his positions were harmful to sexual assault survivors and those who are sex trafficked, and to the people who devote their lives in service to such individuals. More importantly to the FSF, I attempted to persuade RMS that launching a controversial campaign on sexual behavior and morality was counter to his and FSF's mission to advance software freedom, and told RMS that my duty as an FSF Director was to assure the best outcome for the FSF, which <acronym title="in my opinion">IMO</acronym> didn't include having a leader who made such statements. Not only is human sexual behavior not a topic on which RMS has adequate academic expertise, but also his positions appear to ignore significant research and widely available information on the subject. Many of his comments, while occasionally politically intriguing, lack empathy for people who experienced trauma. </p>
|
||||
<p> IMO, this is not and has never been a Free Speech issue. I do believe freedom of speech links directly to software freedom: indeed, I see the freedom to publish software under Free licenses as almost a corollary to the freedom of speech. However, we do not need to follow leadership from those whose views we fundamentally disagree. Moreover, organizations need not and should not elevate spokespeople and leaders who speak regularly on unrelated issues that organizations find do not advance their mission, and/or that alienate important constituents. I, like many other software freedom leaders, curtail my public comments on issues not related to <acronym title="Free and Open Source Software">FOSS</acronym>. (Indeed, I would not even be commenting on <em>this issue</em> if it had not become a central issue of concern to the software freedom community.) Leaders have power, and they must exercise the power of their words with <a href="https://lwn.net/Articles/770966/">restraint, not with impunity</a>. </p>
|
||||
<p> RMS has consistently argued that there was a campaign of “prudish intimidation” — seeking to keep him quiet about his views on sexuality. After years of conversing with RMS about how his non-software-freedom views were a distraction, an indulgence, and downright problematic, his general response was to make even more public comments of this nature. The issue is not about RMS' right to say what he believes, nor is it even about whether or not you agree or disagree with RMS' statements. The question is whether an organization should have a designated leader who is on a sustained, public campaign advocating about an unrelated issue that many consider controversial. It really doesn't matter what your view about the controversial issue is; a leader who refuses to stop talking loudly about unrelated issues eventually creates an untenable distraction from the radical activism you're actively trying to advance. The message of universal software freedom is a radical cause; it's basically impossible for one individual to effectively push forward two unrelated controversial agendas at once. In short, the radical message of software freedom became overshadowed by RMS' radical views about sexual morality. </p>
|
||||
<p> And here is where I say the thing that may infuriate many but it's what I believe: I think RMS took a useful step by resigning some of his leadership roles at the FSF. I thank RMS for taking that step, and I wish the FSF Directors well in their efforts to assure that the FSF becomes a welcoming organization to all who care about universal software freedom. The <a href="https://www.fsf.org/about/">FSF's mission</a> is essential to our technological future, and we should all support that mission. I care deeply about that mission myself and have worked and will continue to work in our community in the best interest of the mission. </p>
|
||||
<p> I'm admittedly struggling to find a way to work again with RMS, given his views on sexual morality and his behaviors stemming from those views. I explicitly do not agree with <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919100154/https://stallman.org/antiglossary.html#assult">this “(re-)definition” of sexual assault</a>. Furthermore, I believe uninformed statements about sexual assault are irresponsible and cause harm to victims. #MeToo is <strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903050208/https://stallman.org/archives/2019-jul-oct.html#27_August_2019_(Me-too_frenzy)">not a “frenzy”</a></strong>; it is a global movement by individuals who have been harmed seeking to hold both bad actors <em>and</em> society-at-large accountable for ignoring systemic wrongs. Nevertheless, I still am proud of the <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/freedom-or-power.en.html">essay that I co-wrote with RMS</a> and still find <a href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.en.html">many</a> <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">of</a> <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html">RMS'</a> <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/pragmatic.html">other</a> <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/microsoft-old.html">essays</a> <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/gpl-american-way.html">compelling</a>, <a href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html">important</a>, <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/stallman-kth.en.html">and</a> <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.en.html">relevant</a>. </p>
|
||||
<p> I want the FSF to succeed in its mission and enter a new era of accomplishments. I've spent the last 22 years, without a break, dedicating substantial time, effort, care and loyalty to the various FSF roles that I've had: including employee, volunteer, at-large Director, and Voting Member. Even though my duties to the FSF are done, and my relationship with the FSF is no longer formal, I still think the FSF is a valuable institution worth helping and saving, specifically because the FSF was founded for a mission that I deeply support. And we should also realize that RMS — a human being (who is flawed like the rest of us) — invented that mission. </p>
|
||||
<p> As culture change becomes more rapid, I hope we can find reasonable nuance and moderation on our complex analysis about people and their disparate views, while we also hold individuals fully accountable for their actions. That's the difficulty we face in the post-post-modern culture of the early twenty-first century. Most importantly, I believe we must find a way to stand firm for software freedom while also making a safe environment for victims of sexual assault, sexual abuse, gaslighting, and other deplorable actions. </p>
|
||||
<p> Posted on Tuesday 15 October 2019 at 09:11 by Bradley M. Kuhn. </p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p> <code>#include <std/disclaimer.h></code><br/> <code>use Standard::Disclaimer;</code><br/> <code>from standard import disclaimer</code><br/> <code>SELECT full_text FROM standard WHERE type = 'disclaimer';</code> </p>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<code>#include <std/disclaimer.h></code><br />
|
||||
<code>use Standard::Disclaimer;</code><br />
|
||||
<code>from standard import disclaimer</code><br />
|
||||
<code>SELECT full_text FROM standard WHERE type = 'disclaimer';</code>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p> Both previously and presently, I have been employed by and/or done work for various organizations that also have views on Free, Libre, and Open Source Software. As should be blatantly obvious, this is my website, not theirs, so please do not assume views and opinions here belong to any such organization. Since I do co-own ebb.org with my wife, it may not be so obvious that these aren't her views and opinions, either. </p>
|
||||
<p> ebb <sup>℠</sup> is a service mark of Bradley M. Kuhn. </p>
|
||||
</div>
|
@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"title": "Embedded videos test",
|
||||
"byline": null,
|
||||
"dir": null,
|
||||
"excerpt": "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod\n tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam,\n quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo\n consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse\n cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non\n proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.",
|
||||
"readerable": false,
|
||||
"siteName": null
|
||||
"siteName": null,
|
||||
"readerable": false
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
|
||||
<div id="readability-page-1" class="page">
|
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<div data-share-text="" data-news-content-text="" data-disable-copy="" data-continue-reading="" data-continue-reading-hide-others=".js-continue-reading-hidden" itemprop="articleBody">
|
||||
<p> Após rechaçar <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/esporte/2018/12/tite-se-recusa-a-encontrar-bolsonaro-antes-da-disputa-da-copa-america.shtml">um encontro da seleção brasileira com o presidente eleito Jair</a> <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/esporte/2018/12/tite-se-recusa-a-encontrar-bolsonaro-antes-da-disputa-da-copa-america.shtml">Bolsonaro</a>, o técnico Tite declarou que errou ao levar a taça da Copa Libertadores de 2012, conquistada pelo Corinthians, ao ex-presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. </p>
|
||||
<p> Ao lado de representantes do clube paulista, o atual comandante do Brasil ainda entregou uma réplica do troféu a Lula. </p>
|
||||
<p> "Em 2012 eu errei. Ele não era presidente, mas fui ao Instituto e mandei felicitações por um aniversário. Não me posicionei politicamente. Não tenho partido político, tenho sim a torcida para que o Brasil seja melhor em igualdade social. E que nossas prioridades sejam educação e punição. Que seja dada a possibilidade de estudo ao garoto de São Braz, que não tem chão batido para ir à escola, ou da periferia de Caixas ou do morro do Rio de Janeiro. Seja dada a ele a prioridade de estudo e não a outras situações", falou Tite ao programa "Grande Círculo", que ainda irá ao ar no SporTV. </p>
|
||||
<p> Na ocasião, Tite e outros representantes do Corinthians <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/1124743-corinthians-leva-a-taca-da-libertadores-para-lula.shtml">foram ao Instituto Lula para mostrar a taça</a> original da Libertadores ao ex-presidente. </p>
|
||||
<p> O assunto foi levantado porque recentemente Tite foi questionado se aceitaria um encontro da seleção brasileira com Bolsonaro em uma conquista de título ou <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/esporte/2018/12/selecao-brasileira-jogara-duas-vezes-em-sao-paulo-na-copa-america.shtml">antes da Copa América de 2019</a>, por exemplo. O treinador deixou claro que preferiria evitar esse tipo de formalidade. </p>
|
||||
<p> Apesar disso, Tite não questionou a ação de Palmeiras e CBF, que <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/esporte/2018/12/cbf-usa-festa-do-palmeiras-para-se-aproximar-de-governo-bolsonaro.shtml">convidaram Bolsonaro para a festa do título do Campeonato Brasileiro</a>. O presidente eleito até levantou a taça conquistada pelo clube alviverde. </p>
|
||||
<p> "Em 2012 eu fiz e errei. O protocolo e a situação gerada no jogo do Palmeiras são fatos de opinião pessoal. CBF e Palmeiras, enquanto instituições têm a opinião. Errei lá atrás, não faria com o presidente antes da Copa e nem agora porque entendo que misturar esporte e política não é legal. Fiz errado lá atrás? Sim. Faria de novo? Não", acrescentou o comandante. </p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="page" data-share-text="" data-news-content-text="" data-disable-copy="" data-continue-reading="" data-continue-reading-hide-others=".js-continue-reading-hidden" itemprop="articleBody" id="readability-page-1">
|
||||
<p> Após rechaçar <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/esporte/2018/12/tite-se-recusa-a-encontrar-bolsonaro-antes-da-disputa-da-copa-america.shtml">um encontro da seleção brasileira com o presidente eleito Jair</a> <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/esporte/2018/12/tite-se-recusa-a-encontrar-bolsonaro-antes-da-disputa-da-copa-america.shtml">Bolsonaro</a>, o técnico Tite declarou que errou ao levar a taça da Copa Libertadores de 2012, conquistada pelo Corinthians, ao ex-presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. </p>
|
||||
<p> Ao lado de representantes do clube paulista, o atual comandante do Brasil ainda entregou uma réplica do troféu a Lula. </p>
|
||||
<p> "Em 2012 eu errei. Ele não era presidente, mas fui ao Instituto e mandei felicitações por um aniversário. Não me posicionei politicamente. Não tenho partido político, tenho sim a torcida para que o Brasil seja melhor em igualdade social. E que nossas prioridades sejam educação e punição. Que seja dada a possibilidade de estudo ao garoto de São Braz, que não tem chão batido para ir à escola, ou da periferia de Caixas ou do morro do Rio de Janeiro. Seja dada a ele a prioridade de estudo e não a outras situações", falou Tite ao programa "Grande Círculo", que ainda irá ao ar no SporTV. </p>
|
||||
<p> Na ocasião, Tite e outros representantes do Corinthians <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/1124743-corinthians-leva-a-taca-da-libertadores-para-lula.shtml">foram ao Instituto Lula para mostrar a taça</a> original da Libertadores ao ex-presidente. </p>
|
||||
<p> O assunto foi levantado porque recentemente Tite foi questionado se aceitaria um encontro da seleção brasileira com Bolsonaro em uma conquista de título ou <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/esporte/2018/12/selecao-brasileira-jogara-duas-vezes-em-sao-paulo-na-copa-america.shtml">antes da Copa América de 2019</a>, por exemplo. O treinador deixou claro que preferiria evitar esse tipo de formalidade. </p>
|
||||
<p> Apesar disso, Tite não questionou a ação de Palmeiras e CBF, que <a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/esporte/2018/12/cbf-usa-festa-do-palmeiras-para-se-aproximar-de-governo-bolsonaro.shtml">convidaram Bolsonaro para a festa do título do Campeonato Brasileiro</a>. O presidente eleito até levantou a taça conquistada pelo clube alviverde. </p>
|
||||
<p> "Em 2012 eu fiz e errei. O protocolo e a situação gerada no jogo do Palmeiras são fatos de opinião pessoal. CBF e Palmeiras, enquanto instituições têm a opinião. Errei lá atrás, não faria com o presidente antes da Copa e nem agora porque entendo que misturar esporte e política não é legal. Fiz errado lá atrás? Sim. Faria de novo? Não", acrescentou o comandante. </p>
|
||||
</div>
|
@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"title": "1Password für Mac generiert Einmal-Passwörter",
|
||||
"byline": "Mac & i",
|
||||
"dir": null,
|
||||
"excerpt": "Das in der iOS-Version bereits enthaltene TOTP-Feature ist nun auch für OS X 10.10 verfügbar. Zudem gibt es neue Zusatzfelder in der Datenbank und weitere Verbesserungen.",
|
||||
"readerable": true,
|
||||
"siteName": "Mac & i"
|
||||
"siteName": "Mac & i",
|
||||
"readerable": true
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"title": "Getting LEAN with Digital Ad UX | IAB",
|
||||
"byline": "By\n\t\t\tScott Cunningham",
|
||||
"dir": null,
|
||||
"excerpt": "We messed up. As technologists, tasked with delivering content and services to users, we lost track of the user experience. Twenty years ago we saw an explosion of websites, built by developers around the world, providing all forms of content. This was the beginning of an age of enlightenment, the intersection of content and technology. … Continued",
|
||||
"readerable": true,
|
||||
"siteName": "IAB"
|
||||
"siteName": "IAB",
|
||||
"readerable": true
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"title": "remoteStorage",
|
||||
"byline": "Jong, Michiel de",
|
||||
"readerable": true,
|
||||
"siteName": null
|
||||
"dir": null,
|
||||
"siteName": null,
|
||||
"readerable": true
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
|
||||
<div id="readability-page-1" class="page">
|
||||
<div id="readability-page-1" class="page">
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
<p>abc</p>
|
||||
<p>def</p>
|
||||
ghi
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p>def</p> ghi
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</div>
|
@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"title": "Una solución no violenta para la cuestión mapuche",
|
||||
"byline": null,
|
||||
"dir": null,
|
||||
"excerpt": "Los pueblos indígenas reclaman por derechos que permanecen incumplidos, por eso es más eficiente canalizar la protesta que reprimirla",
|
||||
"readerable": true,
|
||||
"siteName": null
|
||||
"siteName": null,
|
||||
"readerable": true
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load Diff
@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"title": "Le projet de loi sur le renseignement massivement approuvé à l'Assemblée",
|
||||
"byline": "Martin Untersinger (avec Damien Leloup et Morgane Tual)",
|
||||
"dir": null,
|
||||
"excerpt": "Largement approuvé par les députés, le texte sera désormais examiné par le Sénat, puis le Conseil constitutionnel.",
|
||||
"readerable": true,
|
||||
"siteName": "Le Monde.fr"
|
||||
"siteName": "Le Monde.fr",
|
||||
"readerable": true
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"title": "Un troisième Français mort dans le séisme au Népal",
|
||||
"byline": "Par Sébastien Farcis",
|
||||
"dir": null,
|
||||
"excerpt": "Laurent Fabius a accueilli jeudi matin à Roissy un premier avion spécial ramenant des rescapés.",
|
||||
"readerable": true,
|
||||
"siteName": "Libération.fr"
|
||||
"siteName": "Libération.fr",
|
||||
"readerable": true
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
@ -1,164 +1,159 @@
|
||||
<div id="readability-page-1" class="page">
|
||||
<div id="post-body-2701400044422363572" itemprop="articlesBody">
|
||||
<p> <em>Posted by Andrew Hayden, Software Engineer on Google Play</em> </p>
|
||||
<p> Android users are downloading tens of billions of apps and games on Google Play. We're also seeing developers update their apps frequently in order to provide users with great content, improve security, and enhance the overall user experience. It takes a lot of data to download these updates and we know users care about how much data their devices are using. Earlier this year, we announced that we started using <a href="https://android-developers.blogspot.com/2016/07/improvements-for-smaller-app-downloads.html">the
|
||||
bsdiff algorithm</a> <a href="https://android-developers.blogspot.com/2016/07/improvements-for-smaller-app-downloads.html">(by
|
||||
Colin Percival)</a>. Using bsdiff, we were able to reduce the size of app updates on average by 47% compared to the full APK size. </p>
|
||||
<p> Today, we're excited to share a new approach that goes further — <strong><a href="https://github.com/andrewhayden/archive-patcher/blob/master/README.md">File-by-File
|
||||
patching</a></strong>. App Updates using File-by-File patching are, <strong>on average,</strong> <strong>65% smaller than the full app</strong>, and in some cases more than 90% smaller. </p>
|
||||
<p> The savings, compared to our previous approach, add up to 6 petabytes of user data saved per day! </p>
|
||||
<p> In order to get the new version of the app, Google Play sends your device a patch that describes the <em>differences</em> between the old and new versions of the app. </p>
|
||||
<p> Imagine you are an author of a book about to be published, and wish to change a single sentence - it's much easier to tell the editor which sentence to change and what to change, rather than send an entirely new book. In the same way, patches are much smaller and much faster to download than the entire APK. </p>
|
||||
<p> <strong><span>Techniques used in File-by-File
|
||||
patching </span></strong> </p>
|
||||
<p> Android apps are packaged as APKs, which are ZIP files with special conventions. Most of the content within the ZIP files (and APKs) is compressed using a technology called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DEFLATE&oldid=735386036">Deflate</a>. Deflate is really good at compressing data but it has a drawback: it makes identifying changes in the original (uncompressed) content really hard. Even a tiny change to the original content (like changing one word in a book) can make the compressed output of deflate look <em>completely different</em>. Describing the differences between the <em>original</em> content is easy, but describing the differences between the <em>compressed</em> content is so hard that it leads to inefficient patches. </p>
|
||||
<p> Watch how much the compressed text on the right side changes from a one-letter change in the uncompressed text on the left: </p>
|
||||
<p><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-chCZZinlUTg/WEcxvJo9gdI/AAAAAAAADnk/3ND_BspqN6Y2j5xxkLFW3RyS2Ig0NHZpQCLcB/s1600/ipsum-opsum.gif" imageanchor="1"><img src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-chCZZinlUTg/WEcxvJo9gdI/AAAAAAAADnk/3ND_BspqN6Y2j5xxkLFW3RyS2Ig0NHZpQCLcB/s640/ipsum-opsum.gif" width="640" height="105"/></a></p>
|
||||
<p> File-by-File therefore is based on detecting changes in the uncompressed data. To generate a patch, we first decompress both old and new files before computing the delta (we still use bsdiff here). Then to apply the patch, we decompress the old file, apply the delta to the uncompressed content and then recompress the new file. In doing so, we need to make sure that the APK on your device is a perfect match, byte for byte, to the one on the Play Store (see <a href="https://source.android.com/security/apksigning/v2.html">APK Signature
|
||||
Schema v2 </a>for why). </p>
|
||||
<p> When recompressing the new file, we hit two complications. First, Deflate has a number of settings that affect output; and we don't know which settings were used in the first place. Second, many versions of deflate exist and we need to know whether the version on your device is suitable. </p>
|
||||
<p> Fortunately, after analysis of the apps on the Play Store, we've discovered that recent and compatible versions of deflate based on zlib (the most popular deflate library) account for almost all deflated content in the Play Store. In addition, the default settings (level=6) and maximum compression settings (level=9) are the only settings we encountered in practice. </p>
|
||||
<p> Knowing this, we can detect and reproduce the original deflate settings. This makes it possible to uncompress the data, apply a patch, and then recompress the data back to <em>exactly the same bytes</em> as originally uploaded. </p>
|
||||
<p> However, there is one trade off; extra processing power is needed on the device. On modern devices (e.g. from 2015), recompression can take a little over a second per megabyte and on older or less powerful devices it can be longer. Analysis so far shows that, on average, if the patch size is halved then the time spent applying the patch (which for File-by-File includes recompression) is doubled. </p>
|
||||
<p> For now, we are limiting the use of this new patching technology to auto-updates only, i.e. the updates that take place in the background, usually at night when your phone is plugged into power and you're not likely to be using it. This ensures that users won't have to wait any longer than usual for an update to finish when manually updating an app. </p>
|
||||
<p> <strong><span>How effective is File-by-File
|
||||
Patching?</span></strong> </p>
|
||||
<p> Here are examples of app updates already using File-by-File Patching: </p>
|
||||
<div dir="ltr" trbidi="on">
|
||||
<div dir="ltr">
|
||||
<table>
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="142" />
|
||||
<col width="102" />
|
||||
<col width="176" />
|
||||
<col width="176" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>Application</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>Original Size</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>Previous (BSDiff) Patch Size</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span>(% vs original)</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>File-by-File Patch Size (% vs original)</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<div dir="ltr">
|
||||
<p><a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.king.farmheroessupersaga&hl=en"><span>Farm Heroes Super Saga</span></a></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>71.1 MB</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>13.4 MB (-81%)</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>8.0 MB (-89%)</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<div dir="ltr">
|
||||
<p><a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.apps.maps"><span>Google Maps</span></a></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>32.7 MB</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>17.5 MB (-46%)</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>9.6 MB (-71%)</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<div dir="ltr">
|
||||
<p><a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.gm"><span>Gmail</span></a></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>17.8 MB</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>7.6 MB (-57%)</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>7.3 MB (-59%)</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<div dir="ltr">
|
||||
<p><a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.tts"><span>Google TTS</span></a></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>18.9 MB</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>17.2 MB (-9%)</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>13.1 MB (-31%)</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<div dir="ltr">
|
||||
<p><a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.amazon.kindle"><span>Kindle</span></a></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>52.4 MB</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>19.1 MB (-64%)</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>8.4 MB (-84%)</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<div dir="ltr">
|
||||
<p><a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.netflix.mediaclient"><span>Netflix</span></a></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>16.2 MB</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>7.7 MB (-52%)</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>1.2 MB (-92%)</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p><em>Disclaimer: if you see different patch sizes when you press "update"
|
||||
manually, that is because we are not currently using File-by-file for
|
||||
interactive updates, only those done in the background.</em> </p>
|
||||
<p> <strong><span>Saving data and making our
|
||||
users (& developers!) happy</span></strong> </p>
|
||||
<p> These changes are designed to ensure our community of over a billion Android users use as little data as possible for regular app updates. The best thing is that as a developer you don't need to do anything. You get these reductions to your update size for free! </p>
|
||||
<p> If you'd like to know more about File-by-File patching, including the technical details, head over to the <a href="https://github.com/andrewhayden/archive-patcher">Archive Patcher GitHub
|
||||
project</a> where you can find information, including the source code. Yes, File-by-File patching is completely open-source! </p>
|
||||
<p> As a developer if you're interested in reducing your APK size still further, here are some <a href="https://developer.android.com/topic/performance/reduce-apk-size.html?utm_campaign=android_discussion_filebyfile_120616&utm_source=anddev&utm_medium=blog">general
|
||||
tips on reducing APK size</a>. </p>
|
||||
<p><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-5aRh1dM6Unc/WEcNs55RGhI/AAAAAAAADnI/tzr_oOJjZwgWd9Vu25ydY0UwB3eXKupXwCLcB/s1600/image01.png" imageanchor="1"><img src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-5aRh1dM6Unc/WEcNs55RGhI/AAAAAAAADnI/tzr_oOJjZwgWd9Vu25ydY0UwB3eXKupXwCLcB/s200/image01.png" width="191" height="200"/></a></p>
|
||||
<div class="page" id="readability-page-1" itemprop="articlesBody">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<em>Posted by Andrew Hayden, Software Engineer on Google Play</em>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p> Android users are downloading tens of billions of apps and games on Google Play. We're also seeing developers update their apps frequently in order to provide users with great content, improve security, and enhance the overall user experience. It takes a lot of data to download these updates and we know users care about how much data their devices are using. Earlier this year, we announced that we started using <a href="https://android-developers.blogspot.com/2016/07/improvements-for-smaller-app-downloads.html">the bsdiff algorithm</a> <a href="https://android-developers.blogspot.com/2016/07/improvements-for-smaller-app-downloads.html">(by Colin Percival)</a>. Using bsdiff, we were able to reduce the size of app updates on average by 47% compared to the full APK size. </p>
|
||||
<p> Today, we're excited to share a new approach that goes further — <strong><a href="https://github.com/andrewhayden/archive-patcher/blob/master/README.md">File-by-File patching</a></strong>. App Updates using File-by-File patching are, <strong>on average,</strong>
|
||||
<strong>65% smaller than the full app</strong>, and in some cases more than 90% smaller.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p> The savings, compared to our previous approach, add up to 6 petabytes of user data saved per day! </p>
|
||||
<p> In order to get the new version of the app, Google Play sends your device a patch that describes the <em>differences</em> between the old and new versions of the app. </p>
|
||||
<p> Imagine you are an author of a book about to be published, and wish to change a single sentence - it's much easier to tell the editor which sentence to change and what to change, rather than send an entirely new book. In the same way, patches are much smaller and much faster to download than the entire APK. </p>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<strong><span>Techniques used in File-by-File patching </span></strong>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p> Android apps are packaged as APKs, which are ZIP files with special conventions. Most of the content within the ZIP files (and APKs) is compressed using a technology called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DEFLATE&oldid=735386036">Deflate</a>. Deflate is really good at compressing data but it has a drawback: it makes identifying changes in the original (uncompressed) content really hard. Even a tiny change to the original content (like changing one word in a book) can make the compressed output of deflate look <em>completely different</em>. Describing the differences between the <em>original</em> content is easy, but describing the differences between the <em>compressed</em> content is so hard that it leads to inefficient patches. </p>
|
||||
<p> Watch how much the compressed text on the right side changes from a one-letter change in the uncompressed text on the left: </p>
|
||||
<p><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-chCZZinlUTg/WEcxvJo9gdI/AAAAAAAADnk/3ND_BspqN6Y2j5xxkLFW3RyS2Ig0NHZpQCLcB/s1600/ipsum-opsum.gif" imageanchor="1"><img src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-chCZZinlUTg/WEcxvJo9gdI/AAAAAAAADnk/3ND_BspqN6Y2j5xxkLFW3RyS2Ig0NHZpQCLcB/s640/ipsum-opsum.gif" width="640" height="105" /></a></p>
|
||||
<p> File-by-File therefore is based on detecting changes in the uncompressed data. To generate a patch, we first decompress both old and new files before computing the delta (we still use bsdiff here). Then to apply the patch, we decompress the old file, apply the delta to the uncompressed content and then recompress the new file. In doing so, we need to make sure that the APK on your device is a perfect match, byte for byte, to the one on the Play Store (see <a href="https://source.android.com/security/apksigning/v2.html">APK Signature Schema v2 </a>for why). </p>
|
||||
<p> When recompressing the new file, we hit two complications. First, Deflate has a number of settings that affect output; and we don't know which settings were used in the first place. Second, many versions of deflate exist and we need to know whether the version on your device is suitable. </p>
|
||||
<p> Fortunately, after analysis of the apps on the Play Store, we've discovered that recent and compatible versions of deflate based on zlib (the most popular deflate library) account for almost all deflated content in the Play Store. In addition, the default settings (level=6) and maximum compression settings (level=9) are the only settings we encountered in practice. </p>
|
||||
<p> Knowing this, we can detect and reproduce the original deflate settings. This makes it possible to uncompress the data, apply a patch, and then recompress the data back to <em>exactly the same bytes</em> as originally uploaded. </p>
|
||||
<p> However, there is one trade off; extra processing power is needed on the device. On modern devices (e.g. from 2015), recompression can take a little over a second per megabyte and on older or less powerful devices it can be longer. Analysis so far shows that, on average, if the patch size is halved then the time spent applying the patch (which for File-by-File includes recompression) is doubled. </p>
|
||||
<p> For now, we are limiting the use of this new patching technology to auto-updates only, i.e. the updates that take place in the background, usually at night when your phone is plugged into power and you're not likely to be using it. This ensures that users won't have to wait any longer than usual for an update to finish when manually updating an app. </p>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<strong><span>How effective is File-by-File Patching?</span></strong>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p> Here are examples of app updates already using File-by-File Patching: </p>
|
||||
<div dir="ltr" trbidi="on">
|
||||
<table>
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="142" />
|
||||
<col width="102" />
|
||||
<col width="176" />
|
||||
<col width="176" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>Application</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>Original Size</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>Previous (BSDiff) Patch Size</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span>(% vs original)</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>File-by-File Patch Size (% vs original)</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<div dir="ltr">
|
||||
<p><a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.king.farmheroessupersaga&hl=en"><span>Farm Heroes Super Saga</span></a></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>71.1 MB</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>13.4 MB (-81%)</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>8.0 MB (-89%)</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<div dir="ltr">
|
||||
<p><a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.apps.maps"><span>Google Maps</span></a></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>32.7 MB</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>17.5 MB (-46%)</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>9.6 MB (-71%)</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<div dir="ltr">
|
||||
<p><a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.gm"><span>Gmail</span></a></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>17.8 MB</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>7.6 MB (-57%)</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>7.3 MB (-59%)</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<div dir="ltr">
|
||||
<p><a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.tts"><span>Google TTS</span></a></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>18.9 MB</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>17.2 MB (-9%)</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>13.1 MB (-31%)</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<div dir="ltr">
|
||||
<p><a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.amazon.kindle"><span>Kindle</span></a></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>52.4 MB</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>19.1 MB (-64%)</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>8.4 MB (-84%)</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<div dir="ltr">
|
||||
<p><a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.netflix.mediaclient"><span>Netflix</span></a></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>16.2 MB</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>7.7 MB (-52%)</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p><span>1.2 MB (-92%)</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p><em>Disclaimer: if you see different patch sizes when you press "update" manually, that is because we are not currently using File-by-file for interactive updates, only those done in the background.</em></p>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<strong><span>Saving data and making our users (& developers!) happy</span></strong>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p> These changes are designed to ensure our community of over a billion Android users use as little data as possible for regular app updates. The best thing is that as a developer you don't need to do anything. You get these reductions to your update size for free! </p>
|
||||
<p> If you'd like to know more about File-by-File patching, including the technical details, head over to the <a href="https://github.com/andrewhayden/archive-patcher">Archive Patcher GitHub project</a> where you can find information, including the source code. Yes, File-by-File patching is completely open-source! </p>
|
||||
<p> As a developer if you're interested in reducing your APK size still further, here are some <a href="https://developer.android.com/topic/performance/reduce-apk-size.html?utm_campaign=android_discussion_filebyfile_120616&utm_source=anddev&utm_medium=blog">general tips on reducing APK size</a>. </p>
|
||||
<p><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-5aRh1dM6Unc/WEcNs55RGhI/AAAAAAAADnI/tzr_oOJjZwgWd9Vu25ydY0UwB3eXKupXwCLcB/s1600/image01.png" imageanchor="1"><img src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-5aRh1dM6Unc/WEcNs55RGhI/AAAAAAAADnI/tzr_oOJjZwgWd9Vu25ydY0UwB3eXKupXwCLcB/s200/image01.png" width="191" height="200" /></a></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"title": "LWN.net Weekly Edition for March 26, 2015 [LWN.net]",
|
||||
"byline": "By Nathan Willis\n March 25, 2015",
|
||||
"dir": null,
|
||||
"excerpt": "The Arduino has been one of the biggest success stories of the open-hardware movement, but that success does not protect it from internal conflict. In recent months, two of the project's founders have come into conflict about the direction of future efforts—and that conflict has turned into a legal dispute about who owns the rights to the Arduino trademark.",
|
||||
"readerable": true,
|
||||
"siteName": null
|
||||
"siteName": null,
|
||||
"readerable": true
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load Diff
@ -1,46 +1,43 @@
|
||||
<div id="readability-page-1" class="page">
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<div itemprop="articleBody">
|
||||
<header> Neuroscience tells us that most of the work done by our brains happens on an unconscious level, but when does that "a-ha!" moment occur? And what happens during it? New research investigates. </header>
|
||||
<p><img data-src="https://cdn1.medicalnewstoday.com/content/images/articles/318/318674/hand-holding-brain-lightbulb.jpg" alt="hand holding brain lightbulb" src="https://cdn1.medicalnewstoday.com/content/images/articles/318/318674/hand-holding-brain-lightbulb.jpg" /><br />
|
||||
<em>A new study investigates when the 'a-ha!' moment takes place in the brain, and how similar it is to other brain processes.</em>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p> Many of us have noticed that we seem to get our best ideas when we're in the shower, or that we can find the answer to a difficult question when we least think about it. </p>
|
||||
<p> A large body of neuroscientific <a href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0956797612446024" target="_blank" rel="noopener">studies</a> has pointed out that the brain does a lot of work in its spare time, the so-called idle state - wherein the brain does not appear to be thinking about anything at all - and that this is the time when it works at its hardest to find solutions to complex problems. </p>
|
||||
<p> With time and advances in <a href="http://fakehost/articles/248680.php" title="What is neuroscience?">neuroscience</a>, it has become more and more clear to researchers that Freud <em>was</em> right and the mind, as well as the brain, do work unconsciously. In fact, it would be safe to say that what is consciously known to us is just the tip of a much larger iceberg, deeply submerged in unconscious waters. </p>
|
||||
<p> But the exact moment at which information becomes known to us - or when the "tip of the iceberg" pierces through the water, and the unconscious becomes conscious - has been somewhat of a mystery, from a neuroscientific point of view. </p>
|
||||
<p> In other words, we do not yet know when that intellectually satisfying "a-ha!" moment takes place, or what the biology is behind it. This is why a team of researchers at Columbia University in New York City, NY, set out to investigate this moment in more detail. </p>
|
||||
<p> The scientists were led by Michael Shadlen, Ph.D., of Columbia University's Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, and the <a href="http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(17)30784-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">findings</a> were published in the journal <em>Current Biology.</em>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h2> The hypothesis </h2>
|
||||
<p> Dr. Shadlen and colleagues started out from an interesting hypothesis, one which they derived from previous research on the neurobiological processes involved in decision-making. </p>
|
||||
<p> As the authors explain, research conducted in both monkeys and humans shows that many of our decisions take place at a point when the brain "feels" as though it has gathered enough information, or when a critical level of information has been accumulated. </p>
|
||||
<p> This process of making a decision once the brain has accumulated enough evidence bears the name of "bounded evidence accumulation." Reaching this threshold is important because, although the brain does not use <em>all</em> of the information available, it uses as much as is necessary to make a speedy yet accurate decision. </p>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<strong>The researchers wondered whether or not this threshold is also responsible for our "eureka!" moments.</strong>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p> In Dr. Shadlen's words, "Could the moment when the brain believes it has accumulated enough evidence be tied to the person's awareness of having decided - that important 'a-ha!' moment?" </p>
|
||||
<h2> Examining the 'a-ha!' moment </h2>
|
||||
<p> To answer this question, the scientists asked five people to perform a "direction discrimination" task. In it, the participants looked at dots on a computer screen. The dots moved randomly, as grains of sand would when blown by the wind. The participants were asked to say in which direction the dots had moved. </p>
|
||||
<p> The moment they "decided" which direction the dots seemed to be taking was considered to be the equivalent of the "a-ha!" moment. </p>
|
||||
<p> In the center of the screen, there was a fixed point and a clock. The display also had two "choice targets" - namely, left or right - and these were the directions in which the participants had to decide that the dots had moved. </p>
|
||||
<p> Shortly after the dots had stopped moving, the participants used an electronic, hand-held stylus to move the cursor in the direction that they thought the dots had moved. </p>
|
||||
<p> To determine when the decision was made, the researchers used the technique called "mental chronometry" - that is, after they made their decision, the participants were asked to move the clock backward to the point when they felt that they had consciously done so. </p>
|
||||
<p> "The moment in time indicated by the participants - this mental chronometry - was entirely subjective; it relied solely on their own estimation of how long it took them to make that decision," Dr. Shadlen says. "And because it was purely subjective, in principle it ought to be unverifiable." </p>
|
||||
<h2> 'A-ha' moment similar to making a decision </h2>
|
||||
<p> However, by applying a mathematical model, the scientists were able to match these subjective decision times to the bounded evidence accumulation process. </p>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<strong>The subjective decision times fit so well with what the scientists determined as the evidence accumulation threshold that they were able to predict the choices of four of the five participants.</strong>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p> "If the time reported to us by the participants was valid, we reasoned that it might be possible to predict the accuracy of the decision," explains Dr. Shadlen. </p>
|
||||
<p> "We incorporated a kind of mathematical trick, based on earlier studies, which showed that the speed and accuracy of decisions were tied together by the same brain function." This "mathematical trick" was the evidence accumulation model. </p>
|
||||
<blockquote>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<span>"</span>Essentially, the act of becoming consciously aware of a decision conforms to the same process that the brain goes through to complete a decision, even a simple one - such as whether to turn left or right." </p>
|
||||
<p> Michael Shadlen, Ph.D. </p>
|
||||
</blockquote>
|
||||
<p> In other words, the study shows that the conscious awareness of the "a-ha!" moment takes place precisely when the brain has reached that threshold of evidence accumulation. </p>
|
||||
<p> The findings provide unique insights into the biology of consciousness, say the researchers, and they bring us closer to understanding the biological basis of decisions, ethics, and, generally, the human mind. </p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div itemprop="articleBody" class="page" id="readability-page-1">
|
||||
<header> Neuroscience tells us that most of the work done by our brains happens on an unconscious level, but when does that "a-ha!" moment occur? And what happens during it? New research investigates. </header>
|
||||
<p><img data-src="https://cdn1.medicalnewstoday.com/content/images/articles/318/318674/hand-holding-brain-lightbulb.jpg" alt="hand holding brain lightbulb" src="https://cdn1.medicalnewstoday.com/content/images/articles/318/318674/hand-holding-brain-lightbulb.jpg" /><br />
|
||||
<em>A new study investigates when the 'a-ha!' moment takes place in the brain, and how similar it is to other brain processes.</em>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p> Many of us have noticed that we seem to get our best ideas when we're in the shower, or that we can find the answer to a difficult question when we least think about it. </p>
|
||||
<p> A large body of neuroscientific <a href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0956797612446024" target="_blank" rel="noopener">studies</a> has pointed out that the brain does a lot of work in its spare time, the so-called idle state - wherein the brain does not appear to be thinking about anything at all - and that this is the time when it works at its hardest to find solutions to complex problems. </p>
|
||||
<p> With time and advances in <a href="http://fakehost/articles/248680.php" title="What is neuroscience?">neuroscience</a>, it has become more and more clear to researchers that Freud <em>was</em> right and the mind, as well as the brain, do work unconsciously. In fact, it would be safe to say that what is consciously known to us is just the tip of a much larger iceberg, deeply submerged in unconscious waters. </p>
|
||||
<p> But the exact moment at which information becomes known to us - or when the "tip of the iceberg" pierces through the water, and the unconscious becomes conscious - has been somewhat of a mystery, from a neuroscientific point of view. </p>
|
||||
<p> In other words, we do not yet know when that intellectually satisfying "a-ha!" moment takes place, or what the biology is behind it. This is why a team of researchers at Columbia University in New York City, NY, set out to investigate this moment in more detail. </p>
|
||||
<p> The scientists were led by Michael Shadlen, Ph.D., of Columbia University's Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, and the <a href="http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(17)30784-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">findings</a> were published in the journal <em>Current Biology.</em>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h2> The hypothesis </h2>
|
||||
<p> Dr. Shadlen and colleagues started out from an interesting hypothesis, one which they derived from previous research on the neurobiological processes involved in decision-making. </p>
|
||||
<p> As the authors explain, research conducted in both monkeys and humans shows that many of our decisions take place at a point when the brain "feels" as though it has gathered enough information, or when a critical level of information has been accumulated. </p>
|
||||
<p> This process of making a decision once the brain has accumulated enough evidence bears the name of "bounded evidence accumulation." Reaching this threshold is important because, although the brain does not use <em>all</em> of the information available, it uses as much as is necessary to make a speedy yet accurate decision. </p>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<strong>The researchers wondered whether or not this threshold is also responsible for our "eureka!" moments.</strong>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p> In Dr. Shadlen's words, "Could the moment when the brain believes it has accumulated enough evidence be tied to the person's awareness of having decided - that important 'a-ha!' moment?" </p>
|
||||
<h2> Examining the 'a-ha!' moment </h2>
|
||||
<p> To answer this question, the scientists asked five people to perform a "direction discrimination" task. In it, the participants looked at dots on a computer screen. The dots moved randomly, as grains of sand would when blown by the wind. The participants were asked to say in which direction the dots had moved. </p>
|
||||
<p> The moment they "decided" which direction the dots seemed to be taking was considered to be the equivalent of the "a-ha!" moment. </p>
|
||||
<p> In the center of the screen, there was a fixed point and a clock. The display also had two "choice targets" - namely, left or right - and these were the directions in which the participants had to decide that the dots had moved. </p>
|
||||
<p> Shortly after the dots had stopped moving, the participants used an electronic, hand-held stylus to move the cursor in the direction that they thought the dots had moved. </p>
|
||||
<p> To determine when the decision was made, the researchers used the technique called "mental chronometry" - that is, after they made their decision, the participants were asked to move the clock backward to the point when they felt that they had consciously done so. </p>
|
||||
<p> "The moment in time indicated by the participants - this mental chronometry - was entirely subjective; it relied solely on their own estimation of how long it took them to make that decision," Dr. Shadlen says. "And because it was purely subjective, in principle it ought to be unverifiable." </p>
|
||||
<h2> 'A-ha' moment similar to making a decision </h2>
|
||||
<p> However, by applying a mathematical model, the scientists were able to match these subjective decision times to the bounded evidence accumulation process. </p>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<strong>The subjective decision times fit so well with what the scientists determined as the evidence accumulation threshold that they were able to predict the choices of four of the five participants.</strong>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p> "If the time reported to us by the participants was valid, we reasoned that it might be possible to predict the accuracy of the decision," explains Dr. Shadlen. </p>
|
||||
<p> "We incorporated a kind of mathematical trick, based on earlier studies, which showed that the speed and accuracy of decisions were tied together by the same brain function." This "mathematical trick" was the evidence accumulation model. </p>
|
||||
<blockquote>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<span>"</span>Essentially, the act of becoming consciously aware of a decision conforms to the same process that the brain goes through to complete a decision, even a simple one - such as whether to turn left or right."
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p> Michael Shadlen, Ph.D. </p>
|
||||
</blockquote>
|
||||
<p> In other words, the study shows that the conscious awareness of the "a-ha!" moment takes place precisely when the brain has reached that threshold of evidence accumulation. </p>
|
||||
<p> The findings provide unique insights into the biology of consciousness, say the researchers, and they bring us closer to understanding the biological basis of decisions, ethics, and, generally, the human mind. </p>
|
||||
</div>
|
@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"title": "On Behalf of “Literally”",
|
||||
"byline": "Courtney Kirchoff",
|
||||
"dir": null,
|
||||
"excerpt": "In defense of the word “literally” and why you or someone you know should stop misusing the word, lest they drive us fig…",
|
||||
"readerable": true,
|
||||
"siteName": "Medium"
|
||||
"siteName": "Medium",
|
||||
"readerable": true
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
@ -1,20 +1,6 @@
|
||||
<div id="readability-page-1" class="page">
|
||||
<article>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod
|
||||
tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam,
|
||||
quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo
|
||||
consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse
|
||||
cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non
|
||||
proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod
|
||||
tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam,
|
||||
quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo
|
||||
consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse
|
||||
cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non
|
||||
proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. </p>
|
||||
<p> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. </p>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"title": "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt",
|
||||
"byline": "Henri Sivonen",
|
||||
"dir": null,
|
||||
"excerpt": "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy\n eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam\n voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet\n clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit\n amet. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam\n nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat,\n sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum.\n Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor\n sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed\n diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat,\n sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum.\n Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor\n sit amet.",
|
||||
"readerable": true,
|
||||
"siteName": null
|
||||
"siteName": null,
|
||||
"readerable": true
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
@ -1,55 +1,85 @@
|
||||
<div id="readability-page-1" class="page">
|
||||
<div role="main">
|
||||
<section>
|
||||
<header>
|
||||
<p>Get to know the features that make it the most complete browser for building the Web.</p>
|
||||
</header>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1R9_WdXwUsE" rel="external"> <img src="http://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/firstrun/dev/feature-webide.16763db341cb.jpg" alt="Screenshot"/> </a>
|
||||
<h2>WebIDE</h2>
|
||||
<p>Develop, deploy and debug Firefox OS apps directly in your browser, or on a Firefox OS device, with this tool that replaces App Manager.</p> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Tools/WebIDE" rel="external">Learn more about WebIDE</a> </li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eH0R10Ga4Hs" rel="external"> <img src="http://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/firstrun/dev/feature-valence.251f9def4d8d.jpg" alt="Screenshot"/> </a>
|
||||
<h2>Valence</h2>
|
||||
<p>Develop and debug your apps across multiple browsers and devices with this powerful extension that comes pre-installed with Firefox Developer Edition.</p> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Tools/Firefox_Tools_Adapter" rel="external">Learn more about Valence</a> </li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<h4>Important: Sync your new profile</h4>
|
||||
<p> Developer Edition comes with a new profile so you can run it alongside other versions of Firefox. To access your bookmarks, browsing history and more, you need to sync the profile with your existing Firefox Account, or create a new one. <a href="https://support.mozilla.org/kb/recover-lost-bookmarks-firefox-developer-edition" rel="external">Learn more</a> </p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section>
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<header>
|
||||
<h2>Features and tools</h2> </header>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQqNfkqIJdw" rel="external"> <img src="http://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/firstrun/dev/feature-inspector.c791bf1f1a59.jpg" alt="Screenshot"/> </a>
|
||||
<h2>Page Inspector</h2>
|
||||
<p>Examine the HTML and CSS of any Web page and easily modify the structure and layout of a page.</p> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Tools/Page_Inspector" rel="external">Learn more about Page Inspector</a> </li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iEDk8o9ehlw" rel="external"> <img src="http://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/firstrun/dev/feature-console.42666aaf6d03.jpg" alt="Screenshot"/> </a>
|
||||
<h2>Web Console</h2>
|
||||
<p>See logged information associated with a Web page and use Web Console to interact with Web pages using JavaScript.</p> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Tools/Web_Console" rel="external">Learn more about Web Console</a> </li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OS4AxYFLCIE" rel="external"> <img src="http://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/firstrun/dev/feature-debugger.02ed86fb0c9f.jpg" alt="Screenshot"/> </a>
|
||||
<h2>JavaScript Debugger</h2>
|
||||
<p>Step through JavaScript code and examine or modify its state to help track down bugs.</p> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Tools/Debugger" rel="external">Learn more about JavaScript Debugger</a> </li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w4zSG53Qlbk" rel="external"> <img src="http://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/firstrun/dev/feature-network.740d6082b3f6.jpg" alt="Screenshot"/> </a>
|
||||
<h2>Network Monitor</h2>
|
||||
<p>See all the network requests your browser makes, how long each request takes and details of each request.</p> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Tools/Network_Monitor" rel="external">Learn more about Network Monitor</a> </li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R_qDaLQ8ghg" rel="external"> <img src="http://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/firstrun/dev/feature-webaudio.a10ebc48d017.jpg" alt="Screenshot"/> </a>
|
||||
<h2>Web Audio Editor</h2>
|
||||
<p>Inspect and interact with Web Audio API in real time to ensure that all audio nodes are connected in the way you expect.</p> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Tools/Web_Audio_Editor" rel="external">Learn more about Web Audio Editor</a> </li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3kdBvvIZIqU" rel="external"> <img src="http://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/firstrun/dev/feature-style-editor.87c5d2017506.jpg" alt="Screenshot"/> </a>
|
||||
<h2>Style Editor</h2>
|
||||
<p>View and edit CSS styles associated with a Web page, create new ones and apply existing CSS stylesheets to any page.</p> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Tools/Style_Editor" rel="external">Learn more about Style Editor</a> </li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<div role="main" class="page" id="readability-page-1">
|
||||
<section>
|
||||
<header>
|
||||
<p>Get to know the features that make it the most complete browser for building the Web.</p>
|
||||
</header>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1R9_WdXwUsE" rel="external">
|
||||
<img src="http://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/firstrun/dev/feature-webide.16763db341cb.jpg" alt="Screenshot" />
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
<h2>WebIDE</h2>
|
||||
<p>Develop, deploy and debug Firefox OS apps directly in your browser, or on a Firefox OS device, with this tool that replaces App Manager.</p>
|
||||
<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Tools/WebIDE" rel="external">Learn more about WebIDE</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eH0R10Ga4Hs" rel="external">
|
||||
<img src="http://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/firstrun/dev/feature-valence.251f9def4d8d.jpg" alt="Screenshot" />
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
<h2>Valence</h2>
|
||||
<p>Develop and debug your apps across multiple browsers and devices with this powerful extension that comes pre-installed with Firefox Developer Edition.</p>
|
||||
<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Tools/Firefox_Tools_Adapter" rel="external">Learn more about Valence</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<h4>Important: Sync your new profile</h4>
|
||||
<p> Developer Edition comes with a new profile so you can run it alongside other versions of Firefox. To access your bookmarks, browsing history and more, you need to sync the profile with your existing Firefox Account, or create a new one. <a href="https://support.mozilla.org/kb/recover-lost-bookmarks-firefox-developer-edition" rel="external">Learn more</a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<header>
|
||||
<h2>Features and tools</h2>
|
||||
</header>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQqNfkqIJdw" rel="external">
|
||||
<img src="http://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/firstrun/dev/feature-inspector.c791bf1f1a59.jpg" alt="Screenshot" />
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
<h2>Page Inspector</h2>
|
||||
<p>Examine the HTML and CSS of any Web page and easily modify the structure and layout of a page.</p>
|
||||
<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Tools/Page_Inspector" rel="external">Learn more about Page Inspector</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iEDk8o9ehlw" rel="external">
|
||||
<img src="http://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/firstrun/dev/feature-console.42666aaf6d03.jpg" alt="Screenshot" />
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
<h2>Web Console</h2>
|
||||
<p>See logged information associated with a Web page and use Web Console to interact with Web pages using JavaScript.</p>
|
||||
<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Tools/Web_Console" rel="external">Learn more about Web Console</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OS4AxYFLCIE" rel="external">
|
||||
<img src="http://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/firstrun/dev/feature-debugger.02ed86fb0c9f.jpg" alt="Screenshot" />
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
<h2>JavaScript Debugger</h2>
|
||||
<p>Step through JavaScript code and examine or modify its state to help track down bugs.</p>
|
||||
<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Tools/Debugger" rel="external">Learn more about JavaScript Debugger</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w4zSG53Qlbk" rel="external">
|
||||
<img src="http://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/firstrun/dev/feature-network.740d6082b3f6.jpg" alt="Screenshot" />
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
<h2>Network Monitor</h2>
|
||||
<p>See all the network requests your browser makes, how long each request takes and details of each request.</p>
|
||||
<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Tools/Network_Monitor" rel="external">Learn more about Network Monitor</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R_qDaLQ8ghg" rel="external">
|
||||
<img src="http://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/firstrun/dev/feature-webaudio.a10ebc48d017.jpg" alt="Screenshot" />
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
<h2>Web Audio Editor</h2>
|
||||
<p>Inspect and interact with Web Audio API in real time to ensure that all audio nodes are connected in the way you expect.</p>
|
||||
<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Tools/Web_Audio_Editor" rel="external">Learn more about Web Audio Editor</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3kdBvvIZIqU" rel="external">
|
||||
<img src="http://mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net/media/img/firefox/firstrun/dev/feature-style-editor.87c5d2017506.jpg" alt="Screenshot" />
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
<h2>Style Editor</h2>
|
||||
<p>View and edit CSS styles associated with a Web page, create new ones and apply existing CSS stylesheets to any page.</p>
|
||||
<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Tools/Style_Editor" rel="external">Learn more about Style Editor</a>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"title": "Nintendo's first iPhone game will launch in December for $10",
|
||||
"byline": "Alex Perry\n \n 1 day ago",
|
||||
"dir": "ltr",
|
||||
"excerpt": "Nintendo and Apple shocked the world earlier this year by announcing \"Super Mario Run,\" the legendary gaming company's first foray into mobile gaming. ",
|
||||
"readerable": true,
|
||||
"siteName": "MSN"
|
||||
"siteName": "MSN",
|
||||
"readerable": true
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
Some files were not shown because too many files have changed in this diff Show More
Loading…
Reference in New Issue