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119 lines
5.3 KiB
Plaintext
119 lines
5.3 KiB
Plaintext
# find
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# Search for files in a directory hierarchy
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# Find files by case-insensitive extension, such as `.jpg`, `.JPG`, & `.jpG`).
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# By default, find(1) uses glob pathname pattern matching. To avoid shell
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# interpretation, the glob either must be expanded or the string quoted.
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#
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# Period is optional; it's implied unless a path is provided. find(1) works
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# recursively unless otherwise directed (IE: `-maxdepth [N]`).
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find . -iname '*.jpg'
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# Find directories.
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find . -type d
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# Find files. Specifically files; not directories, links, FIFOs, etc.
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find . -type f
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# Find files set to the provided octal mode (permissions).
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find . -type f -perm 777
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# Find files with setuid bit set, keeping to the same filesystem.
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find . -xdev \( -perm -4000 \) -type f -print0 | xargs -0 ls -l
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# The above is a useful demonstration of some pitfalls into which a user can
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# fall, where the below is the above but corrected. Here is why:
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#
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# * The `.` (current working directory) is assumed when no path is provided.
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# * Group syntax (parentheses) was used, but nothing was actually grouped.
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# * A lot of people have their ls(1) command aliased in many ways, -
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# potentially causing problems with the output and how xargs(1) handles it.
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# By escaping the command, we temporarily override any aliases and even
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# functions by the same name.
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# * At least in my experience, the prior xargs(1) is not as reliable.
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# * The `-print0` and `xargs -0` is great, but unnecessary (except when?).
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#
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# However, it might be more preferred to simply use find(1)'s own `-printf`
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# flag, in order to avoid the need for xargs(1) and ls(1), which should be many
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# times faster, and allows for more specificity.
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find -perm -4000 -type f -print0 | xargs -I '{}' -0 \ls -l '{}'
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# Find and remove files with case-sensitive extension of `.txt`.
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find [PATH] -name '*.txt' -exec rm '{}' \;
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# The above is much more efficiently written as shown below, as find(1) has its
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# own built-in delete function, not to mention a single rm(1) process was
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# previously executed for each file processed, which is comparatively slow.
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find [PATH] -name '*.txt' -delete
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# Find files with extension '.txt' and look for a string into them.
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find ./path/ -name '*.txt' | xargs grep 'string'
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# Find files with size bigger than 5 Mb and sort them by size.
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find . -size +5M -type f -print0 | xargs -0 ls -Ssh | sort -z
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# Find files bigger thank 2 MB and list them.
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find . -type f -size +20000k -exec ls -lh {} \; | awk '{ print $9 ": " $5 }'
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# Alternative, faster approach* to the above.
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#
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# Why it's faster:
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#
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# * No need for an external process, like ls(1).
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# * The use of `;` with the `-exec` flag executes an ls(1) process for each
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# file found, which is comparatively very slow.
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# * The `printf` feature is built in and special to awk(1).
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#
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# That said, awk(1) or gawk(1) is doing a little more here, in order to get
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# somewhat of a human-readable file size, but its impact is likely negligible.
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find -type f -size +20000k -printf '%s %P\n' |
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awk "{printf(\"%'dM %s\n\", \$1 / (1024 * 1024), \$2)}"
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# Find files modified more than 7 days ago and list file information.
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find . -type f -mtime +7d -ls
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# Find symlinks owned by the given user, then list file information.
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find -type l -user [NAME] -ls
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# The following may be the syntax used on a Mac, however this is not valid on
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# Linux, or at least version 4.7.0. All flags in GNU find(1) are one `-` only.
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find . -type l --user=[NAME] -ls
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# Search for and delete empty directories.
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find . -type d -empty -exec rmdir {} \;
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# A far more efficient approach to the above. If no path is provided, then the
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# current working directory (CWD) is assumed, making the `.` superfluous.
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find -type d -empty -delete
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# Search for directories named `build` at a maximum depth of 2 directories.
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# This means that find will not recursively search beyond two levels.
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find . -maxdepth 2 -name build -type d
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# Search all files which are not in a `.git` directory. Depending on the shell
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# used, the bang (`!`) may need to be escaped, to avoid shell interpretation.
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# Alternatively, although non-POSIX, the `-not` flag can be used.
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find . \! -iwholename '*.git*' -type f
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# Find all files that have the same inode (indicating hard link) as FILE. All
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# output going to STDERR (typically error messages) will also be redirected to
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# `/dev/null`, a special pseudo-file where data is sent to die.
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find . -type f -samefile [FILE] 2>/dev/null
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# Find all files in the current directory and modify their permissions.
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find . -type f -exec chmod 644 {} \;
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# Find files with extension `.txt` and edit all of them with vim(1).
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#
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# The use of `+` (escaped to avoid shell interpretation) with `-exec` means
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# that only one process (in this case, `vim`) per `exec`ution is used. If `;`
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# is instead used (would also need escaping), then one `vim` process would be
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# used per file.
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find . -iname '*.txt' -exec vim {} \+
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# Find files with extension `.png`, then rename their extension to `.jpg`. It's
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# highly important that `\;` is used here, instead of `\+`, otherwise it'd make
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# a right mess of the files, due to the way in which mv(1) works.
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find . -type f -iname '*.png' -exec bash -c 'mv "$0" "${0%.*}.jpg"' {} \;
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# Use logic and grouping to delete extension-specific files.
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find \( -iname "*.jpg" -or -iname "*.sfv" -or -iname "*.xspf" \) -type f -delete
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# List executable files, by basename, found within PATH.
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find ${PATH//:/ } -type f -executable -printf "%P\n"
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